Bronchotracheal Response in Human Influenza

Walsh, John J.

doi:10.1001/archinte.1961.03620090048006

Cited by 167 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Thus, increased airway reactivity is observed shortly after resolution of early airway obstruction following exposure to antigen (Thorpe et al, 1987), when eosinophils are not evident in lavage fluid (De Monchy et al, 1985). Increased airway reactivity occurs in normal subjects after viral infection of the upper respiratory tract (Empey et al, 1976); a condition characterised by bronchial epithelial damage and shedding (Hers & Mulder, 1961;Walsh et al, 1961), which is caused by a direct action of the virus (Negroni & Tyrrel, 1959), without an apparent involvement of eosinophils. Conversely, patients with chronic cough and elevated sputum eosinophils have been shown to exhibit no increased airway reactivity (Gibson et al, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigen challenge induces pulmonary airway eosinophil accumulation and airway hyperreactivity in sensitized guinea‐pigs: the effect of anti‐asthma drugs

Sanjar

Kristersson

et al. 1990

British J Pharmacology

188

114

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Guinea‐pigs were sensitized with 3 injections of ovalbumin (OA) (1 or 10 μg per animal) using Al(OH)3 and pertussis vaccine as adjuvants at two week intervals. Sensitized guinea‐pigs were challenged with an aerosol of OA (0.1%) over a one hour period and both airway reactivity and cellular content of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were assessed at intervals for up to 7 days. Guinea‐pigs sensitized with 1 μg of ovalbumin responded to an aerosol of OA with increased pulmonary airway eosinophilia, which was evident 1 day after challenge and was present for up to 7 days. Airway hyperreactivity was not detectable in these animals. Guinea‐pigs sensitized with 10 μg of ovalbumin responded to an aerosol of OA with increased pulmonary airway neutrophilia and eosinophilia and with increased airway reactivity which was maximal between 8 and 24 h after exposure to OA. Depletion of circulating platelets or neutrophils, by use of selective antisera, did not alter either the magnitude of eosinophilia or the intensity of airway reactivity in sensitized guinea‐pigs (10 μg) exposed to an aerosol of OA. Pretreatment of sensitized guinea‐pigs (10 μg) for 6 days with AH 21–132, aminophylline, dexamethasone or ketotifen inhibited pulmonary airway eosinophilia, but did not diminish airway hyperreactivity. Neither eosinophil accumulation nor development of airway hyperreactivity was influenced by treatment with mepyramine or salbutamol over a 6 day period before OA inhalation. Although eosinophilia may occur in association with increased airway reactivity in this animal model, there is no evidence of a causal relationship.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigen challenge induces pulmonary airway eosinophil accumulation and airway hyperreactivity in sensitized guinea‐pigs: the effect of anti‐asthma drugs

Sanjar

Kristersson

et al. 1990

British J Pharmacology

188

114

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“…Viral infections have been shown to cause epithelial damage in the respiratory tract [21][22][23] and also transient bronchial hyperreactivity [5][6][7][8]17]. The results of Hogg [24] indicate that hyperreactivity of the airways may be due to the disruption of tight junctions between the epithelial cells, rendering the subepithelial tissue more accessible to specific and nonspe cific stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unchanged Bronchial Reactivity after Killed Influenza Virus Vaccine in Adult Asthmatics

Kava¹,

Lindqvist²,

Karjalainen³

et al. 1987

Respiration

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Polyvalent killed influenza virus vaccine or saline was administered subcutaneously to 27 asthmatics to investigate the effect of influenza vaccine on respiratory function and on airway responsiveness to inhaled histamine. The patients were adults with mild to moderate asthma. Airway resistance (R_aw) and intrathoracic gas volume (ITGV) were measured immediately before and 2, 3 and 21 days after vaccine or saline injection. R_aw and ITGV values were used to calculate specific airway conductance (SG_aw). Bronchial reactivity was expressed as the provocative dose of histamine diphosphate producing a decrease of 40% in SG_aw (PD₄₀). Fourteen (87%) of 16 asthmatics who received killed virus vaccine displayed a significant rise in serum antibody level as measured by single radial haemolysis in gel test. No significant alterations in mean R_aw, ITGV and SG_aw values were observed after viral vaccination. The median PD₄₀ values for histamine also remained unchanged. However, an increased bronchial reactivity was observed in some patients after administration of virus vaccine or saline. Subclinical natural infection or allergen exposure cannot be excluded as possible causes of the increased airway reactivity in these patients. The side-effects of vaccination were minimal and no more harmful than those produced by saline injection. We conclude that the killed influenza virus vaccine used is effective in boosting serum antibody levels and is suitable for adult asthmatics when prophylactic immunisation is indicated.

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“…Viral antigen can be found in type 1 and 2 pneumocytes and in alveolar macrophages. No viral inclusions have been described (Walsh et al, 1961;Oseasohn et al, 1959). Interstitial fibrosis has been observed with residual inflammation.…”

Section: Influenza Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes in the upper respiratory tract have been well described by Walsh et al (1961) who performed tracheal and bronchial biopsies in patients with clinically uncomplicated influenza. Histologically, there was desquamation of the respiratory epithelium with loss of cilia, edema, hyperemia, areas of necrosis, ulceration of the mucosa, vacuolation of columnar epithelium with nuclear hyperchromasia, and a mononuclear cell infiltrate in the submucosa (Walsh et al, 1961). Viral antigen can be found in type 1 and 2 pneumocytes and in alveolar macrophages.…”

Section: Influenza Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%