Bronchoalveolar Lavage in the Normal Lung

Velluti, G; Capelli, O.; Lusuardi, Mirco; Braghiroli, Alberto; Azzolini, L.

doi:10.1159/000194664

Cited by 14 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 7 publications

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“…Generally speaking, if the EU were to have a general human rights competence or any specific obligations in this regard, amending the Treaties would be necessary. 118 The insertion of human rights clauses into trade agreements -a practice incidentally established long before the Treaty of Lisbon had been adopted -must be seen in this light. The EU is not necessarily under an obligation to specifically include these clauses but is free to include such provisions as a matter of policy, provided it acts within its given competences and within legal limits: after all, the principle of conferral of Article 5 TEU limits both the internal and the international actions of the EU, regardless of the type of competence conferred.…”

Section: The European Legal Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Policy vs practice: The use, implementation and enforcement of human rights clauses in the European Union’s international trade agreements

Prickartz

Staudinger

2019

Eur. World

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In the mid-1990s, the EU adopted a general policy of including human rights clauses in all of its international trade agreements. Through these human rights clauses, in addition to other tools such as Human Rights Dialogue and sanctions, the EU seeks to promote the protection of human rights in its external relations. There are, however, some issues arising regarding the content, use, implementation and activation of these clauses. Not only do human rights clauses in different agreements vary in wording and scope, but also the actual implementation and enforcement by the EU differ from case to case, raising questions as to the selective character and the consistency of the EU’s action and, consequently, as to the EU’s credibility as a normative international actor. The main deficiencies in this regard are the selective and at times inconsistent inclusion and activation of human rights clauses, as shown by an examination of the EU’s agreements and their implementation and enforcement in practice. This article examines human rights clauses in the EU’s international trade agreements and the implementation and enforcement thereof, in order to shed light on the promises and pitfalls of the EU’s human rights efforts.

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Section: The European Legal Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Policy vs practice: The use, implementation and enforcement of human rights clauses in the European Union’s international trade agreements

Prickartz

Staudinger

2019

Eur. World

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Pulse cyclophosphamide decreases sympathetic postganglionic activity, controls alveolitis, and normalizes vascular tone dysfunction (Raynaud's phenomenon) in a case of early systemic sclerosis

Casale¹,

Generini²,

Luppi³

et al. 2004

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Bronchoalveolar lavage studies in children without parenchymal lung disease: Cellular constituents and protein levels

Midulla

Villani

Merolla

et al. 1995

Pediatric Pulmonology

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We evaluated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) for cellular constituents, concentration of total protein (TP), albumin (AL), fibronectin (FN), and hyaluronic acid (HA) in 16 children aged 2-32 months without pulmonary inflammatory or parenchymal disease to establish reference values. We compared our data to those reported in older children and in normal adult volunteers. BAL results were obtained simultaneously from the right middle lobe and the lingula. Results indicated that children younger than 3 years of age had a higher number of cells/mL than older children and adults (59.9 x 10(4) vs. 17.6 x 10(4) and 12 x 10(4)). Differential cell count revealed that the percentages of alveolar macrophages (AM), lymphocytes (LYM), and eosinophils (EOS) were similar to those obtained in older children and in adults, whereas the percentage of neutrophils (NEU) was higher in younger children (NEU 5.5 vs 1.6 and 1.2%, respectively) than in older children and adults. The latter difference was even greater in infants under 12 months of age (NEU 7.6%). The concentrations of TP, AL, FN, and HA in children's BAL samples were compared to values reported for adults. There were no differences between infants and children 13-32 months of age or normal adults. BAL fluid obtained simultaneously from the middle lobe and lingula were not significantly different. In conclusion, this is the first report on BAL values (cellular and noncellular constituents) in children younger than 3 years. The results may be used as reference values for further studies in children with parenchymal lung disease in this age group.

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Bronchoalveolar Lavage in the Normal Lung

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Policy vs practice: The use, implementation and enforcement of human rights clauses in the European Union’s international trade agreements

Policy vs practice: The use, implementation and enforcement of human rights clauses in the European Union’s international trade agreements

Pulse cyclophosphamide decreases sympathetic postganglionic activity, controls alveolitis, and normalizes vascular tone dysfunction (Raynaud's phenomenon) in a case of early systemic sclerosis

Bronchoalveolar lavage studies in children without parenchymal lung disease: Cellular constituents and protein levels

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