Bronchoalveolar lavage examined by solid phase microextraction, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry

Julák, Jaroslav; Stránská, Eva; Rosová, Vlasta; Geppert, Helmut; Španěl, Patrik; Smith, David

doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2005.06.009

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Lastly, the majority of the included studies investigated cultures of reference strains. However some studies focused on clinical samples, in which within-class variation was increased [52]–[54]. Patient samples are less well defined than laboratory-produced cultures of reference strains and are different in the following aspects: CFUs, growth phase, host response, viscosity [55], confounding comorbidities, and medications (e.g., antibiotics [56]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volatile Metabolites of Pathogens: A Systematic Review

2013

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Ideally, invading bacteria are detected as early as possible in critically ill patients: the strain of morbific pathogens is identified rapidly, and antimicrobial sensitivity is known well before the start of new antimicrobial therapy. Bacteria have a distinct metabolism, part of which results in the production of bacteria-specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which might be used for diagnostic purposes. Volatile metabolites can be investigated directly in exhaled air, allowing for noninvasive monitoring. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of VOCs produced by the six most abundant and pathogenic bacteria in sepsis, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. Such VOCs could be used as biological markers in the diagnostic approach of critically ill patients. A systematic review of existing literature revealed 31 articles. All six bacteria of interest produce isopentanol, formaldehyde, methyl mercaptan, and trimethylamine. Since humans do not produce these VOCs, they could serve as biological markers for presence of these pathogens. The following volatile biomarkers were found for identification of specific strains: isovaleric acid and 2-methyl-butanal for Staphylococcus aureus; 1-undecene, 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptane, 2-butanone, 4-methyl-quinazoline, hydrogen cyanide, and methyl thiocyanide for Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and methanol, pentanol, ethyl acetate, and indole for Escherichia coli. Notably, several factors that may effect VOC production were not controlled for, including used culture media, bacterial growth phase, and genomic variation within bacterial strains. In conclusion, VOCs produced by bacteria may serve as biological markers for their presence. Goal-targeted studies should be performed to identify potential sets of volatile biological markers and evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of these markers in critically ill patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volatile Metabolites of Pathogens: A Systematic Review

2013

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“…A steep oxygen gradient is present within secondary bronchi, reported as more than 70 times lower than the partial pressure of oxygen (pO 2 ) found in the primary bronchi (85). Recently, reports have shown that HCN is detectable in the sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (12,40,71) of CF patients and is associated with impaired lung function. These reports are consistent with our previous data showing that 86% of CF isolates produced HCN (13) and with the data of others who have measured volatile compounds from CF sputum samples and detected HCN in vitro (12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, the ability of P. aeruginosa to paralyze and kill Caenorhabditis elegans in an in vitro model was shown to be dependent on hcnC (30). HCN production has also proven to be clinically relevant in the CF lung as (i) P. aeruginosa CF isolates produced higher levels of HCN than did laboratory strains (13), (ii) cyanide has been detected in the sputum of P. aeruginosa-infected CF and bronchiectasis patients (12,26,40,71), and (iii) detection of HCN in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid directly correlated with a worsening prognosis (12). The reported HCN concentrations in the sputum of infected patients ranged from 1.6 to 3.25 times the lethal blood concentration (71).…”

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confidence: 99%

Pseudomonas aeruginosaAlgR Controls Cyanide Production in an AlgZ-Dependent Manner

et al. 2009

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes chronic infections in individuals suffering from the genetic disorder cystic fibrosis. In P. aeruginosa, the transcriptional regulator AlgR controls a variety of virulence factors, including alginate production, twitching motility, biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production. In this study, the regulation of HCN production was examined. Strains lacking AlgR or the putative AlgR sensor AlgZ produced significantly less HCN than did a nonmucoid isogenic parent. In contrast, algR and algZ mutants showed increased HCN production in an alginate-producing (mucoid) background. HCN production was optimal in a 5% O 2 environment. In addition, cyanide production was elevated in bacteria grown on an agar surface compared to bacteria grown in planktonic culture. A conserved AlgR phosphorylation site (aspartate at amino acid position 54), which is required for surfacedependent twitching motility but not alginate production, was found to be critical for cyanide production. Nuclease protection mapping of the hcnA promoter identified a new transcriptional start site required for HCN production. A subset of clinical isolates that lack this start site produced small amounts of cyanide. Taken together, these data show that the P. aeruginosa hcnA promoter contains three transcriptional start sites and that HCN production is regulated by AlgZ and AlgR and is maximal under microaerobic conditions when the organism is surface attached.

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“…Recently, we have been studying plated cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), originating from sputum samples from children with the debilitating condition called cystic fibrosis (CF) and surprisingly detected relatively large concentrations (typically several ppm) of hydrogen cyanide, HCN, in the approximately 100 mL headspace capture volume (Carroll et al, 2005). Subsequently, we have also detected significantly elevated concentration of HCN in a sample of alveolar lavage from a patient known to be infected with PA (Julak et al, 2006). In young children with CF the early detection of bacterial respiratory infections is not easy and the available techniques (e.g., induced sputum samples, inhalation of irritant hypertonic saline) are unpleasant and are thus avoided when possible.…”

Section: B Clinical Study Of Breath Hcn In Cystic Fibrosismentioning

confidence: 95%

Progress in SIFT‐MS: Breath analysis and other applications

Španěl

Smith

2011

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

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255

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The development of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, is described from its inception as the modified very large SIFT instruments used to demonstrate the feasibility of SIFT-MS as an analytical technique, towards the smaller but bulky transportable instruments and finally to the current smallest Profile 3 instruments that have been located in various places, including hospitals and schools to obtain on-line breath analyses. The essential physics and engineering principles are discussed, which must be appreciated to design and construct a SIFT-MS instrument. The versatility and sensitivity of the Profile 3 instrument is illustrated by typical mass spectra obtained using the three precursor ions H(3)O(+), NO(+) and O(2)(+)·, and the need to account for differential ionic diffusion and mass discrimination in the analytical algorithms is emphasized to obtain accurate trace gas analyses. The performance of the Profile 3 instrument is illustrated by the results of several pilot studies, including (i) on-line real time quantification of several breath metabolites for cohorts of healthy adults and children, which have provided representative concentration/population distributions, and the comparative analyses of breath exhaled via the mouth and nose that identify systemic and orally-generated compounds, (ii) the enhancement of breath metabolites by drug ingestion, (iii) the identification of HCN as a marker of Pseudomonas colonization of the airways and (iv) emission of volatile compounds from urine, especially ketone bodies, and from skin. Some very recent developments are discussed, including the quantification of carbon dioxide in breath and the combination of SIFT-MS with GC and ATD, and their significance. Finally, prospects for future SIFT-MS developments are alluded to.

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Bronchoalveolar lavage examined by solid phase microextraction, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry

Cited by 32 publications

References 26 publications

Volatile Metabolites of Pathogens: A Systematic Review

Volatile Metabolites of Pathogens: A Systematic Review

Pseudomonas aeruginosaAlgR Controls Cyanide Production in an AlgZ-Dependent Manner

Progress in SIFT‐MS: Breath analysis and other applications

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