Bromodeoxyuridine: a diagnostic tool in biology and medicine, Part III. Proliferation in normal, injured and diseased tissue, growth factors, differentiation, DNA replication sites andin situ hybridization

Dolbeare, Frank

doi:10.1007/bf02331377

Cited by 91 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 472 publications

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“…This is consistent with previous reports that the ability of global ischemia (25) or seizures (22) to promote neurogenesis in the SGZ does not depend on local cell damage. BrdUrd may be incorporated into DNA (45) and PCNA may be induced (46) not only during cell division but also during DNA repair. However, the absence of detectable DNA damage in the neuroproliferative regions under study and the colocalization of BrdUrd incorporation with markers such as DCX, which is not associated with DNA repair, suggest that the BrdUrd labeling that we observed reflects cell division.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurogenesis in dentate subgranular zone and rostral subventricular zone after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat

Jin

Minami

Lan

et al. 2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

972

678

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Because neurogenesis persists in the adult mammalian brain and can be regulated by physiological and pathological events, we investigated its possible involvement in the brain's response to focal cerebral ischemia. Ischemia was induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat for 90 min, and proliferating cells were labeled with 5-bromo-2 -deoxyuridine-5 -monophosphate (BrdUrd) over 2-day periods before sacrificing animals 1, 2 or 3 weeks after ischemia. Ischemia increased the incorporation of BrdUrd into cells in two neuroproliferative regions-the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and the rostral subventricular zone. Both effects were bilateral, but that in the subgranular zone was more prominent on the ischemic side. Cells labeled with BrdUrd coexpressed the immature neuronal markers doublecortin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen but did not express the more mature cell markers NeuN and Hu, suggesting that they were nascent neurons. These results support a role for ischemia-induced neurogenesis in what may be adaptive processes that contribute to recovery after stroke. D iseases of the brain have singularly adverse effects on the quality and duration of life. Unlike many other tissues, the mature brain has limited regenerative capacity, and its unusual degree of cellular specialization restricts the extent to which residual healthy tissue can assume the function of damaged brain. However, cerebral neurons are derived from precursor cells that persist in the adult brain (1-5), so stimulation of endogenous neural precursors in the adult brain could have therapeutic potential (6).Neurogenesis occurs in discrete regions of the adult brain, including the rostral subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (7) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) (8). Neurons that arise in the SVZ travel via the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb (9) and also enter association neocortex (10), and new neurons leaving the SGZ migrate into the adjacent DG granule cell layer. Neurogenesis in these regions is subject to physiological regulation by glucocorticoids (11), sex hormones (12), growth factors (13-16), excitatory neurotransmission (17), learning (18), and stress (19) and can be modified pharmacologically (20).Pathological events can also stimulate neurogenesis in the adult brain. Mechanical injury to the DG granule cell layer in the rat increases proliferation of granule neuron precursors in the adjacent SGZ, as shown by enhanced incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine and 5-bromo-2Ј-deoxyuridine-5Ј-monophosphate (BrdUrd), induction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and coexpression of mature neuronal markers in [ 3 H]thymidinelabeled cells (21). Seizures also trigger neurogenesis in the SGZ, with BrdUrd-labeled cells expressing the neuronal markers TOAD-64, class III␤-tubulin, and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) (22). Finally, apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in mouse corticothalamic neurons increases BrdUrd labeling in cells that go on to express ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurogenesis in dentate subgranular zone and rostral subventricular zone after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat

Jin

Minami

Lan

et al. 2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

972

678

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“…Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation was used as a marker for cellular proliferation rate to assess the effect of E2F3 and CDKAL1 knockdown (Dolbeare, 1996). BrdU is incorporated as a thymidine analogue into newly synthesized DNA and allows assessment of the proportion of cells cycling through S phase during the period of BrdU treatment.…”

Section: Knockdown Of Mrna In Bladder Cancer Cells Containing Amplifimentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of E2F3 expression in modulating cellular proliferation rate in human bladder and prostate cancer cells

et al. 2006

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Amplification and overexpression of the E2F3 gene at 6p22 in human bladder cancer is associated with increased tumour stage, grade and proliferation index, and in prostate cancer E2F3 overexpression is linked to tumour aggressiveness. We first used small interfering RNA technology to confirm the potential importance of E2F3 overexpression in bladder cancer development. Knockdown of E2F3 expression in bladder cells containing the 6p22 amplicon strongly reduced the extent of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and the rate of cellular proliferation. In contrast, knockdown of CDKAL1/ FLJ20342, another proposed oncogene, from this amplicon had no effect. Expression cDNA microarray analysis on bladder cancer cells following E2F3 knockdown was then used to identify genes regulated by E2F3, leading to the identification of known E2F3 targets such as Cyclin A and CDC2 and novel targets including pituitary tumour transforming gene 1, Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and Caveolin-2. For both bladder and prostate cancer, we have proposed that E2F3 protein overexpression may cooperate with removal of the E2F inhibitor retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRB) to drive cellular proliferation. In support of this model, we found that ectopic expression of E2F3a enhanced the BrdU incorporation, a marker of cellular proliferation rate, of prostate cancer DU145 cells, which lack pRB, but had no effect on the proliferation rate of PC3 prostate cancer cells that express wild-type pRB. BrdU incorporation in PC3 cells could, however, be increased by overexpressing E2F3a in cells depleted of pRB. When taken together, these observations indicate that E2F3 levels have a critical role in modifying cellular proliferation rate in human bladder and prostate cancer.

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“…rating this thymidine analog become almost completely arrested in the S-phase of the cell cycle without being blocked in their migratory capability. [37][38][39] Generally, the intensity of BrdU immunostaining is quite high and homogeneous, suggesting that a diluting effect consequent to BrdU incorporation and associated with cell proliferation is scarce. We are aware of the possibility, however, that BrdU-positive cells may maintain a relatively high immunocytochemical signal in the daughter cells after the first division.…”

Section: Proliferation/migration Of Adventitial Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smooth Muscle-Specific SM22 Protein Is Expressed in the Adventitial Cells of Balloon-Injured Rabbit Carotid Artery

Faggin

Puato

Zardo

et al. 1999

ATVB

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Abstract-During the "response-to-injury" process after a mechanical insult to the porcine coronary arteries, the adventitial cells acquire the structural characteristics of myofibroblasts before being incorporated into smooth muscle (SM) layer.We assessed whether the SM-specific SM22 protein can be used as a tracer of adventitial cell-myofibroblast differentiation in the mild balloon injury of rabbit carotid artery. To achieve this goal, we used 2 monoclonal anti-SM22 antibodies (E-11 and 1-B8) and a molecular probe for the SM22␣ mRNA isoform in immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization experiments. The differentiation profile and the migratory and proliferative ability of activated adventitial cells were evaluated by a panel of antibodies to some SM and nonmuscle antigens and pulse-and end-labeling with bromo-deoxyuridine, respectively. In adventitial cells, SM22 antigenicity and SM22␣ mRNA were detectable at days 2 and 4 and, to a lesser extent, at days 7 and 21 after injury, particularly near the adventitia-media interface and mostly colocalizing with bromo-deoxyuridine-positive cells. The pulse-labeling experiments showed that the large majority of these cells penetrated the outermost layer of the tunica media without migrating to the subendothelial region. The phenotypic features of activated migrating and nonmigrating adventitial cells resembled those of vimentin-actin myofibroblast subtype and fetal-type SM cells. These findings indicate that a direct exposure of adventitia to the lumen is not required for phenotypic changes and proliferation/migration of these cells. After comparison of the SM22 expression in arterial vessels during early stages of development, we hypothesize that in the injured carotid artery the mural incorporation of adventitial cells and the spatiotemporal activation of SM22 expression are reminiscent of the vascular morphogenetic process and suggest the existence of a stem cell-like reservoir in adventitia. The early adventitial upregulation of SM22 expression in the injured vessel might be related to a multistep transition process in which nonmuscle cells are converted to myofibroblasts and, possibly, to SM cells. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.

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Bromodeoxyuridine: a diagnostic tool in biology and medicine, Part III. Proliferation in normal, injured and diseased tissue, growth factors, differentiation, DNA replication sites andin situ hybridization

Cited by 91 publications

References 472 publications

Neurogenesis in dentate subgranular zone and rostral subventricular zone after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat

Neurogenesis in dentate subgranular zone and rostral subventricular zone after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat

Role of E2F3 expression in modulating cellular proliferation rate in human bladder and prostate cancer cells

Smooth Muscle-Specific SM22 Protein Is Expressed in the Adventitial Cells of Balloon-Injured Rabbit Carotid Artery

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