“…Many software packages are available for studying a variety of problems related to bimolecular association. For example, MacroDox, UHBD, BrownDye Simulation of Diffusional Association (SDA), BD_BOX, BROMOC, ReaDDy, Smoldyn, SEEKR, and BDpack are used to probe ligand–protein associations with a flexible or rigid biomolecular model (Madura et al, 1995 ; Northrup et al, 1999 ; Huber and McCammon, 2010 ; Długosz et al, 2011 ; Schöneberg and Noé, 2013 ; De Biase et al, 2015 ; Martinez et al, 2015 ; Saadat and Khomami, 2015 ; Andrews, 2017 ; Votapka et al, 2017 ). Our group has been developing the GeomBD program, which focuses on using BD to investigate inter-enzyme intermediate transfer and substrate association on surface environments in biosensor and nanoenzyme structures (Roberts and Chang, 2015 , 2016 ).…”