Bromalites from the Middle Triassic of Poland and the rise of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution

Salamon, Mariusz A.; Niedźwiedzki, Robert; Gorzelak, Przemysław; Lach, Rafał; Surmik, Dawid

doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.029

Cited by 39 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…Although predation by fish on crinoids and its evolutionary consequences have received the most attention (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27), sparse data indicated that crinoids may be the prey of benthic invertebrates (28), most notably sea urchins (17-19, 29, 30). Recently it has been shown that during the Triassic, the radiation of cidaroid sea urchins capable of handling the crinoid skeleton coincided with high frequency of bite marks on crinoids likely produced by the jaw apparatus of these sea urchins (18).…”

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confidence: 99%

Predator-induced macroevolutionary trends in Mesozoic crinoids

Gorzelak

Salamon

Baumiller

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Sea urchins are a major component of recent marine communities where they exert a key role as grazers and benthic predators. However, their impact on past marine organisms, such as crinoids, is hard to infer in the fossil record. Analysis of bite mark frequencies on crinoid columnals and comprehensive genus-level diversity data provide unique insights into the importance of sea urchin predation through geologic time. These data show that over the Mesozoic, predation intensity on crinoids, as measured by bite mark frequencies on columnals, changed in step with diversity of sea urchins. Moreover, Mesozoic diversity changes in the predatory sea urchins show a positive correlation with diversity of motile crinoids and a negative correlation with diversity of sessile crinoids, consistent with a crinoid motility representing an effective escape strategy. We contend that the Mesozoic diversity history of crinoids likely represents a macroevolutionary response to changes in sea urchin predation pressure and that it may have set the stage for the recent pattern of crinoid diversity in which motile forms greatly predominate and sessile forms are restricted to deep-water refugia.echinoderms | escalation | macroecology I t has long been hypothesized that predator-prey interactions represent a significant driving force of evolutionary change in the history of life (1-4). However, not only is predation itself hard to detect in the fossil record, which makes it difficult to ascertain its intensity over geologic time, but macroevolutionary predictions of the hypothesis are far from simple (5-13). Recent sea urchins (Echinoidea), are known to play a key role in shallow sea ecosystems as grazers and benthic predators that can modify the distribution, abundance, and species composition of coral and algal reef communities (14-16); however, only few data have hinted at the importance of sea urchins to crinoids (17)(18)(19).Crinoids (Crinoidea), commonly known as sea lilies or feather stars, were one of the dominant components of many shallow-sea environments through much of geologic history and a key contributor to the sedimentary record (20). Although predation by fish on crinoids and its evolutionary consequences have received the most attention (21-27), sparse data indicated that crinoids may be the prey of benthic invertebrates (28), most notably sea urchins (17-19, 29, 30). Recently it has been shown that during the Triassic, the radiation of cidaroid sea urchins capable of handling the crinoid skeleton coincided with high frequency of bite marks on crinoids likely produced by the jaw apparatus of these sea urchins (18). Because it was also during the Triassic that various modes of active and passive motility appeared among crinoids, a group that throughout its rich pre-Triassic history was almost exclusively sessile, it was argued that crinoid motility, an effective escape strategy against benthic predation, was an evolutionary response to echinoid predation (18).The hypothesized evolutionary response of crinoids to benthic pr...

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confidence: 99%

Predator-induced macroevolutionary trends in Mesozoic crinoids

Gorzelak

Salamon

Baumiller

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…For example, within the layers bearing coprolites, numerous well preserved The recorded coprolites cannot be confused with regurgitalites as they are mostly preserved as calcium carbonate and are composed of remains that are less affected by the digestive processes. Furthermore, regurgitalites are not sharply separated from the rock matrix as observed in coprolites (Pollard, 1990;Hattin, 1996;Chin, 2002;Northwood, 2005;Salamon et al, 2012Salamon et al, , 2014.…”

Section: Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although numerous bones and teeth of predators are known from the Triassic marine sedimentary rocks in Poland (Schmidt, 1928;Chrząstek and Niedźwiedzki, 1998;Niedźwiedzki, 2008;Surmik, 2010), it is surprising that coprolites and other bromalites have been rarely described from them (Salamon et al, 2012). In this paper we report numerous coprolites from the Lower Triassic (Olenekian) shallow marine sedimentary rocks of A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT southern Poland.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coprolites of marine vertebrate predators from the Lower Triassic of southern Poland

Brachaniec

Niedźwiedzki

Surmik

et al. 2015

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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“…Interestingly, Oji et al (2003) have argued that durophagous predation intensity, as measured by the frequency of occurrences of angular shell fragments in fossil shell beds, increased during the early Cenozoic, coinciding with the radiation of durophagous teleost fish and decapod crustaceans. Likewise, Salamon et al (2012) documented numerous regurgitalites from the Middle Triassic and suggested that many morphological and behavioral innovations in the Triassic benthic fauna are escalation-related adaptations to durophagous predators. Using angular shell fragments as a predation proxy, Salamon et al (2014) also analyzed data from many European Paleozoic localities spanning the Ordovician to the Carboniferous.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental tumbling of Dreissena polymorpha: implications for recognizing durophagous predation in the fossil record

Salamon

Leśko

Gorzelak

2018

Facies

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Shell damage left by predators constitutes an important source of information on predator-prey interactions. However, recognition of the origins of shell damage can often be controversial, and needs to be assessed cautiously. More specifically, differentiation between predation-and abiotic-induced shell damage remains challenging. Here, we show the results of tumbling experiments using a bivalve species Dreissena polymorpha in order to determine rates and patterns of shell damage induced by physical forces in high-energy conditions. It is demonstrated that, in contrast to durophagous fish and crab predation, abiotic-induced fragmentation and damage are typically characterized by the presence of distinct abrasive scratches and wear scars on the surface of shell fragments. Furthermore, fragmented shells typically reveal a wide size distribution, and a different degree of sphericity and roundness resulting from abrasion. Importantly, large shell fragments commonly display smooth edges. These data suggest that durophagous predation, which typically induces fragmentation into large and angular shell fragments bearing no wear scars, can be reliably recognized both in present-day environments and in the fossil record.

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Bromalites from the Middle Triassic of Poland and the rise of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution

Cited by 39 publications

References 47 publications

Predator-induced macroevolutionary trends in Mesozoic crinoids

Predator-induced macroevolutionary trends in Mesozoic crinoids

Coprolites of marine vertebrate predators from the Lower Triassic of southern Poland

Experimental tumbling of Dreissena polymorpha: implications for recognizing durophagous predation in the fossil record

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