Abstract. I review the color dipole formulation of heavy quark production in the light of recent RHIC data. Since charm and bottom production directly probe the gluon density, these processes allow one to study shadowing and parton saturation at RHIC and LHC. The dipole approach provides a convenient framework to calculate these nuclear effects. I present numerical results for open charm and bottom production in proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions and discuss transverse momentum broadening of heavy quarkonia.At high center of mass energies √ s, the cross section for any reaction a + N → {b, c, . . .}X can be expressed as convolution of the light-cone (LC) wavefunction for the transition a → {b, c, . . .} and the cross section for scattering the color neutral {anti−a, b, c . . .}-system on the target nucleon N . In the case of heavy quark production this means that the Feynman graphs in Fig. 1 can be written in the form [1, 2],where σ qqG is the cross section for scattering a color neutral quark-antiquark-gluon system on a nucleon [2],Here α is the light-cone momentum fraction carried by the heavy quark Q, and α = 1 − α is the momentum fraction of theQ. The flavor independent dipole cross section σ qq (ρ) is a nonperturbative quantity and has to be determined from experimental data. It depends on the transverse separation ρ between quark and antiquark. Note that the dipole approach is formulated in the target rest frame with ¡ É É ¡¡ Figure 1. The three lowest order graphs contributing to heavy quark production in the dipole approach. These graphs correspond to the gluon-gluon fusion mechanism of heavy quark production in the parton model.