Broadening and Enhancing Bacteriocins Activities by Association with Bioactive Substances

Abstract

Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides some of which are endowed with antiviral, anticancer and antibiofilm properties. These properties could be improved through synergistic interactions of these bacteriocins with other bioactive molecules such as antibiotics, phages, nanoparticles and essential oils. A number of studies are steadily reporting the effects of these combinations as new and potential therapeutic strategies in the future, as they may offer many incentives over existing therapies. In particular, bacteriocins can benefit from combination with nanoparticles which can improve their stability and solubility, and protect them from enzymatic degradation, reduce their interactions with other molecules and improve their bioavailability. Furthermore, the combination of bacteriocins with other antimicrobials is foreseen as a way to reduce the development of antibiotic resistance due to the involvement of several modes of action. Another relevant advantage of these synergistic combinations is that it decreases the concentration of each antimicrobial component, thereby reducing their side effects such as their toxicity. In addition, combination can extend the utility of bacteriocins as antiviral or anticancer agents. Thus, in this review, we report and discuss the synergistic effects of bacteriocin combinations as medicines, and also for other diverse applications including, antiviral, antispoilage, anticancer and antibiofilms.

Lacticaseicin 30 and Colistin as a Promising Antibiotic Formulation against Gram-Negative β-Lactamase-Producing Strains and Colistin-Resistant Strains

“…The presence of genes designated mcr -1 to mcr -10 represent the risk of exacerbating this crisis [ 40 , 41 ]. Within the panel of innovative strategies expected to tackle AMR, the usage of AMP such as bacteriocins offers a novel hope [ 42 , 43 ].…”

“…Synergistic interaction between antimicrobials was reported as an important mean to decrease the number of drugs used, to elude the bacterial resistance and to control any undesirable secondary effect of drugs and finally provide an efficient and affordable therapeutic solution [ 50 ]. Related to that, bacteriocins were shown to potentiate a wide range of molecules including nanoparticles [ 43 ]. It should be noted that different combinations of bacteriocins and antibiotics, including colistin were already reported in the literature [ 49 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ].…”

Enhancing antibacterial properties of bacteriocins using combination therapy

“…E. faecalis, a hospital-acquired pathogen that causes infectious endocarditis, urinary tract infections, and other systemic infections has been found to be resistant to a wide range of antibiotic classes, including aminoglycosides, quinolones, macrolides, rifampicin, daptomycin, and β-lactams. In the presence of 200 U/ml nisin, the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of 18 different antibiotics against E. faecalis were observed to be reduced [40]. In addition, against three E. faecalis strains, synergistic interactions between and penicillin or chloramphenicol have been identified [75].…”

“…Nisin with ramoplanin Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains [40] Nisin with chloramphenicol MRSA strains [40] Nisin with chloramphenicol or penicillin E. faecalis [41] Nisin Z with methicillin MRSA [42] Nisin, lysozyme and lactoferrin Bovine viral diarrhea virus [40] Thuricin CD with ramoplanin Clostridium difficile strains [43] Subtilosin A with metronidazole and metronidazole Gardnerella vaginalis [44] PsVP-10 with chlorhexidine Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus [45] Bacteriocin from L. plantarum ST8SH with Vancomycin Biofilm of Listeria monocytogenes strains [46] Lacticin 3147 with penicillin G or vancomycin Corynebacterium xerosis, Cutibacterium acnes, Enterococcus faecium and MRSA strains [42] Enterocin CRL35 and Subtilosin Herpes simplex virus 1(HSV-1) and Poliovirus (PV-1) [40] Essential oils (EO) and bacteriocins Nisin with carvacrol; Nisin with mountain savory Increase relative sensitivity of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes to γ-irradiation treatment [47] Nisin with Origanum vulgare EO Listeria monocytogenes [48] Nisin with T. vulgaris EO Salmonella typhimurium [48] Nisin with Ocimum basilicum EO, Salvia officinalis EO and Trachysper mumammi EO Escherichia coli [49] Nisin V in combination with carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde Listeria monocytogenes strains [50] Nisin with carvacrol (a component of EO of Origanum vulgare) and EDTA Salmonella Typhimurium [51] Pediocin with S. montagna EO Escherichia coli O157: H7 [48] Nanoparticle-bacteriocin conjugates Nisin with nanoliposomes and garlic extract Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus Aureus [52,53] Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with nisin Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus Aureus, Listeria monocytogenes [9,[54][55][56] Ag NPs and nisin conjugates Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium moniliforme [57] Nisin and Au NPs Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus [58] Nisin and Alginate-chitosan nanoparticles Listeria monocytogenes [59] Nisi...…”

Current Knowledge of the Mode of Action and Immunity Mechanisms of LAB-Bacteriocins

“…Sometimes, the association of bacteriocins with other molecules could improve their activities. Zgheib et al [161] reported that the combination of bacteriocins with nanoparticles could enhance their stability, their solubility, protect them from enzymatic damage, reduce their interactions with other drugs and improve their biopreservation. The understanding of the immunity mechanism is also a major issue.…”