Broadcasting Steganography in the Blockchain

Xu, Mengtian; Wu, Hanzhou; Feng, Guorui; Zhang, Xinpeng; Ding, Fang

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43575-2_22

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Finally, Xu et al [62] embed secret information in the blockchain using the sender address of preselected transactions according to a certain key. Selected transactions are arranged in a certain way in order to carry the secret message.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, [57,60,61,62] could be used in Ethereum too. In the case of [53], Bitcoin could be replaced by Ether, but it should be noticed that this method only allows English text messages, whereas Zephyrus can transmit any binary information.…”

Section: A Summary Of Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, stealthiness is the most remarkable issue, except for [54,55,56,57,59,60,61,62] and [16] when paying for content, all techniques offer a limited protection against BE. Approaches in [52,58] embed data in clear text and [12] applies encoding.…”

Section: A Summary Of Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of simplicity, almost all techniques can be used by regular users and just 'Block coinbase' [12] and [62] require to be a miner. Similarly, the computation cost of embedding is also analogous in most approaches (O(1)), except for [52] in which 'ScriptSig' and 'ScriptPubKey:scripthash-multisig' need to compute a valid key to make coins reedemable; [16] requires generating valid-looking quadratic residues; and [61] uses a non-lineal message retrieval process.…”

Section: A Summary Of Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zephyrus: An Information Hiding Mechanism Leveraging Ethereum Data Fields

et al. 2021

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Permanent availability makes blockchain technologies a suitable alternative for building a covert channel. Previous works have analysed its feasibility in a particular blockchain technology called Bitcoin. However, Ethereum cryptocurrency is gaining momentum as a means to build distributed apps. The novelty of this paper relies on the use of Ethereum to establish a covert channel considering all transaction fields and smart contracts. No previous work has explored this issue. Thus, a mechanism called Zephyrus, an information hiding mechanism based on steganography, is developed. Moreover, its capacity, cost and stealthiness are assessed both theoretically, and empirically through a prototype implementation that is publicly released. Disregarding the time taken to send the transaction to the blockchain, its retrieval and the mining time, experimental results show that, in the best case, 40 Kbits can be embedded in 0.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Summary Of Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Summary Of Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Summary Of Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zephyrus: An Information Hiding Mechanism Leveraging Ethereum Data Fields

et al. 2021

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“…Xu et al [27] proposed a steganography study with a method they developed over public blockchain transactions. It creates a new block by performing a series of operations on selected transactions and recording this steganographic information in the new block.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel and Robust Hybrid Blockchain and Steganography Scheme

et al. 2021

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Data security and data hiding have been studied throughout history. Studies show that steganography and encryption methods are used together to hide data and avoid detection. Large amounts of data hidden in the cover multimedia distort the image, which can be detected in visual and histogram analysis. The proposed method will solve two major drawbacks of the current methods: the limitation imposed on the size of the data to be hidden in the cover multimedia and low resistance to steganalysis after stego-operation. In the proposed method, plaintext data are divided into fixed-sized bits whose corresponding matching bits’ indices in the cover multimedia are accumulated. Thus, the hidden data are composed of the indices in the cover multimedia, causing no change in it, thus enabling considerable amounts of plaintext to be hidden. The proposed method also has high resistance to known steganalysis methods because it does not cause any distortion to the cover multimedia. The test results show that the performance of the proposed method outperforms similar conventional stenographic techniques. The proposed Ozyavas–Takaoglu–Ajlouni (OTA) method relieves the limitation on the size of the hidden data, and hidden data is undetectable by steganalysis because it is no longer embedded in the cover multimedia.

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