Broadcast radiation: how safe is safe?

Tell, Richard A.

doi:10.1109/mspec.1972.5219017

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The comparison between the ANSI limit and the present levels of RF encountered in the urban environment must be evaluated with some care due to lack of knowledge concerning long term and low level chronic effects of exposure to Radio and TV frequencies (3,7). It implies the need for caution in interpreting existing exposures limits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiofrequency radiation in Sao Paulo City (Brazil)

Filho

Lamparelli

Hernandez

1988

Environmental Technology Letters

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiofrequency radiation in Sao Paulo City (Brazil)

Filho

Lamparelli

Hernandez

1988

Environmental Technology Letters

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“…Nevertheless, such radiation's energy can still be high enough for molecules to vibrate, raising other health concerns. While the first class is well studied in the literature [219], the second class is further classified depending on the radiation effects as thermal and non-thermal. Authorities and organizations around the world seek to define the exposure limits to avoid the heating effect on the human body.…”

Section: Effects Of Terahertz Radiation On Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body-Centric Terahertz Networks: Prospects and Challenges

Saeed

Loukil

Sarieddeen

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Mol. Biol. Multi-Scale Commun.

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Following recent advancements in Terahertz (THz) technology, THz communications are currently being celebrated as key enablers for various applications in future generations of communication networks. While typical communication use cases are over medium-range air interfaces, the inherently small beamwidths and transceiver footprints at THz frequencies support nano-communication paradigms. In particular, the use of the THz band for in-body and on-body communications has been gaining attention recently. By exploiting the accurate THz sensing and imaging capabilities, body-centric THz biomedical applications can transcend the limitations of molecular, acoustic, and radio-frequency solutions. In this paper, we study the use of the THz band for body-centric networks, by surveying works on THz device technologies, channel and noise modeling, modulation schemes, and networking topologies. We also promote THz sensing and imaging applications in the healthcare sector, especially for detecting zootonic viruses such as Coronavirus. We present several open research problems for body-centric THz networks.

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“…An example of EMF source introducing thermal effects is the micro-wave oven (although this device is not intended to be used for RF communications). In this context, the mechanism that triggers the raising of the temperature in the exposed tissues is well understood and deeply analyzed in the literature, since the massive adoption of radio equipment for broadcast transmission [17]. To face this issue, regulatory authorities (e.g., the European Commission (EC) in Europe and the FCC in the USA), international commissions (e.g., ICNIRP) and international organizations (e.g., IEEE) define maximum RF exposure limits that allow preventing the heating effects on the exposed tissues.…”

Section: A Basic Principles Of Rf Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Health Risks Associated With 5G Exposure: A View From the Communications Engineering Perspective

Chiaraviglio

Elzanaty²,

Alouini

2021

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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The deployment of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication services requires the installation of 5G nextgeneration Node-B Base Stations (gNBs) over the territory and the wide adoption of 5G User Equipment (UE). In this context, the population is concerned about the potential health risks associated with the Radio Frequency (RF) emissions from 5G equipment, with several communities actively working toward stopping the 5G deployment. To face these concerns, in this work, we analyze the health risks associated with 5G exposure by adopting a new and comprehensive viewpoint, based on the communications engineering perspective. By exploiting our background, we debunk the alleged health effects of 5G exposure and critically review the latest works that are often referenced to support the health concerns from 5G. We then precisely examine the up-to-date metrics, regulations, and assessment of compliance procedures for 5G exposure, by evaluating the latest guidelines from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC), as well as the national regulations in more than 220 countries. We also thoroughly analyze the main health risks that are frequently associated with specific 5G features (e.g., multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO), beamforming, cell densification, adoption of millimeter waves, and connection of millions of devices). Finally, we examine the risk mitigation techniques based on communications engineering that can be implemented to reduce the exposure from 5G gNB and UE. Overall, we argue that the widely perceived health risks that are attributed to 5G are not supported by scientific evidence from communications engineering. In addition, we explain how the solutions to minimize the health risks from 5G (including currently unknown effects) are already mature and ready to be implemented. Finally, future works, e.g., aimed at evaluating long-term impacts of 5G exposure, as well as innovative solutions to further reduce the RF emissions, are suggested.

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Broadcast radiation: how safe is safe?

Cited by 15 publications

References 6 publications

Radiofrequency radiation in Sao Paulo City (Brazil)

Radiofrequency radiation in Sao Paulo City (Brazil)

Body-Centric Terahertz Networks: Prospects and Challenges

Health Risks Associated With 5G Exposure: A View From the Communications Engineering Perspective

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