“…Research findings on the topic vary widely depending on the country, region, industry, sector, firm and job type being studied (Akerman et al ., 2015; DeStefano et al ., 2022; Forman et al ., 2012; Haller and Lyons, 2015, 2019). Most research on the impact of Internet technology on firms' productivity focuses on urban firms, with a relatively limited amount of firm-level evidence focused on rural development in developing countries, as stated by Aldashev and Batkeyev (2021). This paper contributes to the existing literature by assessing the impact of Internet technology on the total factor productivity (TFP) of non-urban firms in China, the largest developing country, and investigates its impact on spatial heterogeneity.…”