Broadband Full Polarimetric Scatterometry for Monitoring Soil Moisture and Vegetation Properties Over a Tibetan Meadow

Hofste, Jan G.; Velde, R. van der; Wang, Xin; Zheng, Donghai; Wen, Jun; Tol, Christiaan van der; Su, Zhongbo

doi:10.1109/igarss.2018.8519380

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Concerning the condition L > λ, previous measurements (Hofste et al, 2018) showed, empirically, that for L/λ ≥ 3 model (B1) matches a standard's measured σ pp within 1 dB. Besides used R c values, Table B1 also lists the frequency ranges for which the plane wave criteria (using the stated values R c ) and the size criteria hold.…”

Section: ∆Kmentioning

confidence: 97%

Year-long, broad-band, microwave backscatter observations of an Alpine Meadow over the Tibetan Plateau with a ground-based scatterometer

Hofste¹,

Velde²,

Wen³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. A ground-based scatterometer was installed on an alpine meadow over the Tibetan Plateau to study the soil moisture and -temperature dynamics of the top soil layer and air-soil interface during the period August 2017–August 2018. The deployed system measured the amplitude and phase of the ground surface radar return at hourly and half-hourly intervals over 1–10 GHz in the four linear polarization combinations (vv, hh, hv, vh). In this paper we describe the developed scatterometer system, gathered datasets, retrieval method for the backscattering coefficient (σ0), and results of (σ0) for co-polarization. The system was installed on a 5 m high tower and designed using only commercially available components: a Vector Network Analyser (VNA), four coaxial cables, and two dual polarization broadband gain horn antennas at a fixed position and orientation. We provide a detailed description on how to retrieve the co-polarized backscattering coefficients σ0vv & σ0hh for this specific scatterometer design. To account for the particular effects caused by wide antenna radiation patterns (G) at lower frequencies, σ0 was calculated using the narrow-beam approximation combined with a mapping the function G2/R4 over the ground surface. (R is the distance between antennas and the infinitesimal patches of ground surface.) This approach allowed for a proper derivation of footprint positions and -areas, and incidence angle ranges. The frequency averaging technique was used to reduce the effects of fading on the σ0 uncertainty. Absolute calibration of the scatterometer was achieved with measured backscatter from a rectangular metal plate as reference target. In the retrieved time-series of σ0vv & σ0hh for S-band (2.5–3.0 GHz), C-band (4.5–5.0 GHz), and X-band (9.0–10.0 GHz) we observed characteristic changes or features that can be attributed to seasonal or diurnal changes in the soil. For example a fully frozen top soil, diurnal freeze-thaw changes in the top soil, emerging vegetation in spring, and drying of soil. Our preliminary analysis on the collected σ0 time-series data set demonstrates that it contains valuable information on water- and energy exchange directly below the air-soil interface. Information which is difficult to quantify, at that particular position, with in-situ measurements techniques alone. Availability of backscattering data for multiple frequency bands allows for studying scattering effects at different depths within the soil and vegetation canopy during the spring and summer periods. Hence further investigation of this scatterometer data set provides an opportunity to gain new insights in hydro-meteorological processes, such as freezing and thawing, and how these can be monitored with multi-frequency scatterometer observations. The data set is available via https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-zc5-skyg (Hofste and Su, 2020). The effects of fading, calibration, and system stability on the uncertainty in σ0 are estimated to vary from ± 1.3 dB for X-band with vv-polarization to ± 2.7 dB for S-band with hh-polarization through the campaign. The low angular resolution of the antennas result in additional σ0 uncertainty, one that is more difficult to quantify. Estimations point out that it probably will not exceed ± 2 dB with C-band. Despite these uncertainties, we believe that the strength of our approach lies in the capability of measuring σ0 dynamics over a broad frequency range, 1–10 GHz, with high temporal resolution over a full-year period.

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Section: ∆Kmentioning

confidence: 97%

Year-long, broad-band, microwave backscatter observations of an Alpine Meadow over the Tibetan Plateau with a ground-based scatterometer

Hofste¹,

Velde²,

Wen³

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Users are to contact the DANS repository, after which DANS will establish an alternate file transfer. Also, in the DANS repository under https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-xyf-fmkk (Hofste, 2021), MATLAB scripts are available for processing measured radar return data and for retrieving σ 0 pq for other bands within the measured 1-10 GHz frequency range.…”

Section: Code and Data Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Year-long, broad-band, microwave backscatter observations of an alpine meadow over the Tibetan Plateau with a ground-based scatterometer

Hofste

Velde

Wen

et al. 2021

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. A ground-based scatterometer was installed on an alpine meadow over the Tibetan Plateau to study the soil moisture and temperature dynamics of the top soil layer and air–soil interface during the period August 2017–August 2018. The deployed system measured the amplitude and phase of the ground surface radar return at hourly and half-hourly intervals over 1–10 GHz in the four linear polarization combinations (vv, hh, hv, vh). In this paper we describe the developed scatterometer system, gathered datasets, retrieval method for the backscattering coefficient (σ0), and results of σ0. The system was installed on a 5 m high tower and designed using only commercially available components: a vector network analyser (VNA), four coaxial cables, and two dual-polarization broad-band gain horn antennas at a fixed position and orientation. We provide a detailed description on how to retrieve the backscattering coefficients for all four linear polarization combinations σpq0, where p is the received and q the transmitted polarization (v or h), for this specific scatterometer design. To account for the particular effects caused by wide antenna radiation patterns (G) at lower frequencies, σ0 was calculated using the narrow-beam approximation combined with a mapping of the function G2/R4 over the ground surface. (R is the distance between antennas and the infinitesimal patches of ground surface.) This approach allowed for a proper derivation of footprint positions and areas, as well as incidence angle ranges. The frequency averaging technique was used to reduce the effects of fading on the σpq0 uncertainty. Absolute calibration of the scatterometer was achieved with measurements of a rectangular metal plate and rotated dihedral metal reflectors as reference targets. In the retrieved time series of σpq0 for L-band (1.5–1.75 GHz), S-band (2.5–3.0 GHz), C-band (4.5–5.0 GHz), and X-band (9.0–10.0 GHz), we observed characteristic changes or features that can be attributed to seasonal or diurnal changes in the soil: for example a fully frozen top soil, diurnal freeze–thaw changes in the top soil, emerging vegetation in spring, and drying of soil. Our preliminary analysis of the collected σpq0 time-series dataset demonstrates that it contains valuable information on water and energy exchange directly below the air–soil interface – information which is difficult to quantify, at that particular position, with in situ measurement techniques alone. Availability of backscattering data for multiple frequency bands (raw radar return and retrieved σpq0) allows for studying scattering effects at different depths within the soil and vegetation canopy during the spring and summer periods. Hence further investigation of this scatterometer dataset provides an opportunity to gain new insights in hydrometeorological processes, such as freezing and thawing, and how these can be monitored with multi-frequency scatterometer observations. The dataset is available via https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-zfb-qegy (Hofste et al., 2021). Software code for processing the data and retrieving σpq0 via the method presented in this paper can be found under https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-xyf-fmkk (Hofste, 2021).

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Broadband Full Polarimetric Scatterometry for Monitoring Soil Moisture and Vegetation Properties Over a Tibetan Meadow

Cited by 2 publications

References 6 publications

Year-long, broad-band, microwave backscatter observations of an Alpine Meadow over the Tibetan Plateau with a ground-based scatterometer

Year-long, broad-band, microwave backscatter observations of an Alpine Meadow over the Tibetan Plateau with a ground-based scatterometer

Year-long, broad-band, microwave backscatter observations of an alpine meadow over the Tibetan Plateau with a ground-based scatterometer

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