Broadband acoustic backscatter and high-resolution morphology of fish: Measurement and modeling

Reeder, D. Benjamin; Jech, J. Michael; Stanton, Timothy K.

doi:10.1121/1.4784938

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Target strength (in decibels [dB] referenced to [re] 1 m 2 ) is the logarithmic measure of the backscattering cross section (σ bs ) of a single individual target and is important in scaling echo integration data to fish density (MacLennan et al 2002). Target strength has been previously estimated for a variety of species based on cage experiments (Goddard and Welsby 1986;Nielsen and Lundgren 1999;Ona 2003;Boswell and Wilson 2008;Brooking and Rudstam 2009), tethering of anesthetized live fish or dead fish (Love 1969(Love , 1971(Love , 1977Nakken and Olsen 1977;Reeder et al 2004;Boswell and Wilson 2008), wild fish (Barange et al 1996;MacLennan and Menz 1996;Fleischer et al 1997;Warner et al 2002;Rudstam et al 2003), and acoustic scattering models (Horne 2000;Reeder et al 2004). Of the 17 TS estimation methods described by Foote (1991), only a few methods may provide accurate TS measurements that are applicable to surveying.…”

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confidence: 99%

Target Strength Measurements of Juvenile Blueback Herring from the Mohawk River, New York

Gurshin¹

2012

North American Journal of Fisheries Management

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Target strength (TS) was estimated from in situ and ex situ measurements of juvenile blueback herring Alosa aestivalis during their fall downriver migration at the Crescent Hydroelectric Project in the Mohawk River, New York. The blueback herring is an ecologically important anadromous species that must transit fish passage facilities at hydroelectric dams. Measurements of TS are necessary to distinguish juvenile blueback herring from other fishes as well as to scale echo integration results to numerical fish densities during hydroacoustic studies. This study presents the first measurements of TS for juvenile blueback herring. The TS measurements were collected from an echosounder operating at 420 kHz with two split‐beam transducers (one down‐looking and one side‐looking). Single echo detections associated with tracked fish echoes and the echoes at the periphery of schools in the headrace of the powerhouse were used in estimating in situ TS. Mean total length (TL) of 192 individuals captured by cast net was 75 mm. A single dead fish (70 mm TL) was tethered and suspended by monofilament line in both transducer beams, each orientated down; the mean TS of this fish was −52.3 decibels (dB) for the 15° beam and −52.8 dB for the 6° beam. The mean in situ TS was −46.0 dB in the down‐looking beam and −48.6 dB in the side‐looking beam. The in situ TS estimates were similar to those reported for similar‐sized fish from published TS–TL relationships. The mean in situ TS for the down‐looking beam was 0.1–0.5 dB higher than the predicted TS for similar‐sized alewives A. pseudoharengus measured at 70 kHz in two studies. Results indicate that blueback herring and alewives have similar TSs and emphasize the importance of swim bladder condition and body orientation in influencing TS estimates for scaling acoustically derived fish density estimates. Received July 17, 2011; accepted December 30, 2011

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confidence: 99%

Target Strength Measurements of Juvenile Blueback Herring from the Mohawk River, New York

Gurshin¹

2012

North American Journal of Fisheries Management

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“…Radiographic techniques have been used extensively to extract shapes of swimbladders for use in acoustic backscattering models (Clay & Horne, 1994;Horne & Jech, 1999;Hazen & Horne, 2003;Gauthier & Horne, 2004;Reeder et al, 2004). These techniques are non-invasive and can deliver high resolution representations of the swimbladder.…”

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confidence: 99%

Depth‐dependent swimbladder compression in herring Clupea harengus observed using magnetic resonance imaging

Fässler

Fernandes

Semple

et al. 2009

Journal of Fish Biology

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Changes in swimbladder morphology in an Atlantic herring Clupea harengus with pressure were examined by magnetic resonance imaging of a dead fish in a purpose-built pressure chamber. Swimbladder volume changed with pressure according to Boyle's Law, but compression in the lateral aspect was greater than in the dorsal aspect. This uneven compression has a reduced effect on acoustic backscattering than symmetrical compression and would elicit less pronounced effects of depth on acoustic biomass estimates of C. harengus.

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“…However, with advancements in computational power, modelling techniques have become widely used (Horne et al 2000;Fässler et al 2013;Scoulding et al 2015). Previous studies have successfully used CT scans to derive morphological representations of swimbladders as an alternative to time consuming and more expensive methods such as microtoming or MRI scans (Reeder et al 2004;Peña 2008;Fässler et al 2013;Scoulding et al 2015). CT scanning provides high resolution data to reconstruct detailed 3D images of the swimbladder and the fish body for use in backscatter modelling (Macaulay 2002;Reeder et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have successfully used CT scans to derive morphological representations of swimbladders as an alternative to time consuming and more expensive methods such as microtoming or MRI scans (Reeder et al 2004;Peña 2008;Fässler et al 2013;Scoulding et al 2015). CT scanning provides high resolution data to reconstruct detailed 3D images of the swimbladder and the fish body for use in backscatter modelling (Macaulay 2002;Reeder et al 2004). It also provides a noninvasive method to describe the position of the swimbladder within the fish body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Target strength estimates of red emperor (Lutjanus sebae) with Bayesian parameter calibration

Gastauer

Scoulding

Fässler

et al. 2016

Aquat. Living Resour.

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Red emperor (Lutjanus sebae) is a long-lived tropical demersal snapper which is widely distributed in the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean. Despite the commercial and recreational importance of the species for the Northern Demersal Scalefish Fishery off the Northwest coast of Western Australia, we still lack a thorough understanding of its distribution and abundance in the area. To better understand the acoustic scattering properties of red emperor its acoustic backscattering characteristics were modelled based on swimbladder and body morphology, determined using computed tomography scans. A Kirchhoff-ray mode approximation was coupled with empirical (ex situ) measurements of target strength (TS) obtained from a 38 and 120 kHz split-beam echosounder on board a fishing vessel. Bayesian methods were used for model parameter calibration, which provided uncertainty estimates for some of the TS-model parameters. The derived TS-length relationships were 19.7 log 10 (L) -75.5 (C.I. 5.9 dB) at 120 kHz and 14.6 log 10 (L) -64.9 (C.I. 5.8 dB) at 38 kHz. The study demonstrated that small commercial fishing vessels can be used to conduct ex situ experiments and target strength modelling can be effectively based on computer tomography scans. This relatively low cost approach could be applied to other species.

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Broadband acoustic backscatter and high-resolution morphology of fish: Measurement and modeling

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

Target Strength Measurements of Juvenile Blueback Herring from the Mohawk River, New York

Target Strength Measurements of Juvenile Blueback Herring from the Mohawk River, New York

Depth‐dependent swimbladder compression in herring Clupea harengus observed using magnetic resonance imaging

Target strength estimates of red emperor (Lutjanus sebae) with Bayesian parameter calibration

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