Broad Family of Carbon Nanoallotropes: Classification, Chemistry, and Applications of Fullerenes, Carbon Dots, Nanotubes, Graphene, Nanodiamonds, and Combined Superstructures

Abstract

CONTENTS 1. Introduction 4745 2. Classification of Carbon Nanoallotropes: Structural Description and Characterization 4746 2.1. 0D Carbon Nanoallotropes 4746 2.1.1.Fullerenes and Onion-like Carbon 4746 2.1.2. Carbon Dots 4747 2.1.3. Graphene Quantum Dots 4748 2.1.4. Nanodiamonds 4749 2.2. 1D Carbon Nanoallotropes 4749 2.2.1. Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers 4749 2.2.2. Carbon Nanohorns 4750 2.3. 2D Carbon Nanoallotropes 4751 2.3.1. Graphene 4751 2.3.2. Multilayer Graphitic Nanosheets 4752 2.3.3. Graphene Nanoribbons 4754 3. Methods for Preparing Carbon Nanostructures 4754 3.1. 0D Carbon Nanoallotropes 4754 3.1.1. Fullerenes and Onion-like Carbon 4754 3.1.2. Carbon Dots 4755 3.1.3. Graphene Quantum Dots 4757 3.1.4. Nanodiamonds 4760 3.2. 1D Carbon Nanoallotropes 4761 3.2.1. Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers 4761 3.2.2. Carbon Nanohorns 4762 3.3. 2D Carbon Nanoallotropes 4762 3.3.1. Graphene 4762 3.3.2. Multilayer Graphitic Nanosheets 4763 3.3.3. Graphene Nanoribbons 4763 4. Fundamental Physicochemical Properties of Carbon Nanoallotropes 4764 4.1. Fundamental Properties of C 60 4764 4.2. Photoluminescence of Carbon Dots and Graphene Quantum Dots 4.3. Fundamental Properties of Nanodiamonds 4.4. Mechanical Properties of Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanofibers 4.5. Electronic and Related Properties of Graphene, Graphene Nanoribbons, Carbon Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanohorns 4.6. Magnetic Properties of Carbon Nanoallotropes 4.7. Chemical Reactivity 4.7.1. Addition to sp 2 Carbon Atoms 4.7.2. Reactions at Edges and Defect Sites 4.7.3. Noncovalent Surface Interactions 4.7.4. Internal Spaces as Nanoreactors 5. Interconversions of Carbon Nanoallotropes 6.

Nitrogen Doped Graphene as Potential Material for Hydrogen Storage

“…The loading of metals and intermetallics to the hydrogen storage materials adversely affects the storage capacity and the reversibility of the hydrogen [17] [18] [19]. For decades graphitic nanocarbon is remained at the frontier of materials as promising functional materials [20]. In recent years, the family of carbon materials studied for hydrogen storage properties was extended to include graphene.…”

From C58to C62and back: Stability, structural similarity, and ring current

“…This has also been called the pentagon-adjacency-penalty rule (PAPR) [4,5]. The focus of studies of classical fullerenes is now moving on to applications [6,7]. However, an increasing number of experimental and theoretical observations indicate that non-classical isomers play an important role in the formation of metallofullerenes and fullerene derivatives [8][9][10].…”

Nanotechnology: Future of Environmental Air Pollution Control

“…Nanomaterials with unique properties allow completely new applications to be found. There are several engineered nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, nanocomposites, Environmental Management and Sustainable Development ISSN 2164-7682 2017 quantum dots, fullerenes, quantum wires, and nanofibers (Georgakilas et al, 2015). Today, a very broad range of commercial products exist already in the market, including metals, ceramics, polymers, smart textiles, cosmetics, sunscreens, electronics, paints and varnishes.…”