Broad Electrical Tuning of Graphene-Loaded Plasmonic Antennas

Yao, Yu; Kats, Mikhail A.; Genevet, Patrice; Yu, Nanfang; Song, Yi; Kong, Jing; Capasso, Federico

doi:10.1021/nl3047943

Cited by 541 publications

(446 citation statements)

References 46 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

425

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Mid-infrared metasurfaces with electrically tunable spectral properties have been experimentally demonstrated by controlling the carrier density of graphene [191]. Optimizing optical antenna designs has improved both the frequency tuning range and the modulation depth [192].…”

Section: Graphene Hybrid Metasurfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications

2016

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Metamaterials are composed of periodic subwavelength metal/dielectric structures that resonantly couple to the electric and/or magnetic components of the incident electromagnetic fields, exhibiting properties that not found in nature. This class of micro-and nano-structured artificial media have attracted great interest during the past 15 years and yielded ground-breaking electromagnetic and photonic phenomena. However, the high losses and strong dispersion associated with the resonant responses and the use of metallic structures, as well as the difficulty in fabricating the micro-and nanoscale 3D structures, have hindered practical applications of metamaterials. Planar metamaterials with subwavelength thickness, or metasurfaces, consisting of single-layer or few-layer stacks of planar structures can be readily fabricated using lithography and nanoprinting methods, and the ultrathin thickness in the wave propagation direction can greatly suppress the undesirable losses. Metasurfaces enable a spatially varying optical response (e.g., scattering amplitude, phase, and polarization), mold optical wavefronts into shapes that can be designed at will, and facilitate the integration of functional materials to accomplish active control and greatly enhanced nonlinear response. This paper reviews recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces operating at wavelengths ranging from microwave to visible. We provide an overview of key metasurface concepts such as anomalous reflection and refraction, and introduce metasurfaces based on the PancharatnamBerry phase and Huygens' metasurfaces, as well as their use in wavefront shaping and beam forming applications, followed by a discussion of polarization conversion in fewlayer metasurfaces and their related properties. An overview of dielectric metasurfaces reveals their ability to realize unique functionalities coupled with Mie resonances and their low ohmic losses. We also describe metasurfaces for wave guidance and radiation control, as well as active and nonlinear metasurfaces. Finally, we conclude by providing our opinions of future developments in this rapidly developing research field.

show abstract

Section: Graphene Hybrid Metasurfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications

2016

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The optical response of metal-based antennas 64,65 and metasurfaces 57 has been modified by combining them with SLG, and the extracted information was further used to estimate the carrier density in SLG 57 . However, as the spectral linewidth of metal-based structures is fairly broad, only modest changes of the optical response (transmission or reflection) of metasurfaces have been accomplished so far.…”

Section: Article Nature Communications | Doi: 101038/ncomms4892mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrally selective chiral silicon metasurfaces based on infrared Fano resonances

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Metamaterials and metasurfaces represent a remarkably versatile platform for light manipulation, biological and chemical sensing, and nonlinear optics. Many of these applications rely on the resonant nature of metamaterials, which is the basis for extreme spectrally selective concentration of optical energy in the near field. In addition, metamaterial-based optical devices lend themselves to considerable miniaturization because of their subwavelength features. This additional advantage sets metamaterials apart from their predecessors, photonic crystals, which achieve spectral selectivity through their longrange periodicity. Unfortunately, spectral selectivity of the overwhelming majority of metamaterials that are made of metals is severely limited by high plasmonic losses. Here we propose and demonstrate Fano-resonant all-dielectric metasurfaces supporting optical resonances with quality factors Q4100 that are based on CMOS-compatible materials: silicon and its oxide. We also demonstrate that these infrared metasurfaces exhibit extreme planar chirality, opening exciting possibilities for efficient ultrathin circular polarizers and narrow-band thermal emitters of circularly polarized radiation.

show abstract

“…These results demonstrate how the hybrid metal-graphene resonances can be designed and tuned to produce strongly enhanced absorption at a chosen resonant frequency. These hybrid plasmon modes could also be incorporated in grapheneintegrated metamaterials [15,20,21], where the metal-graphene plasmon enhances the metamaterial resonance.Finally, we note that these metal-graphene plasmonic structures can exhibit near 100% resonant transmission in a high mobility graphene sample, a feature that could be very useful in THz transmission filters or modulators. Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tunable Terahertz Hybrid Metal–Graphene Plasmons

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Among its many outstanding properties, graphene supports terahertz surface plasma wavessub-wavelength charge density oscillations connected with electromagnetic fields that are tightly localized near the surface [1, 2]. When these waves are confined to finite-sized graphene, plasmon resonances emerge that are characterized by alternating charge accumulation at the opposing edges of the graphene. The resonant frequency of such a structure depends on both the size and the surface charge density, and can be electrically tuned throughout the terahertz range by applying a gate voltage [3,4]. The promise of tunable graphene THz plasmonics has yet to be fulfilled, however, because most proposed optoelectronic devices including detectors, filters, and modulators [5][6][7][8][9][10] desire near total modulation of the absorption or transmission, and require electrical contacts to the graphene -constraints that are difficult to meet using existing plasmonic structures. We report here a new class of plasmon resonance that occurs in a hybrid graphene-metal structure.The sub-wavelength metal contacts form a capacitive grid for accumulating charge, while the narrow interleaved graphene channels, to first order, serves as a tunable inductive medium, thereby forming a structure that is resonantly-matched to an incident terahertz wave. We experimentally demonstrate resonant absorption near the theoretical maximum in readily-available, large-area graphene, ideal for THz detectors and tunable absorbers. We further predict that the use of high mobility graphene will allow resonant THz transmission near 100%, realizing a tunable THz filter or modulator. The structure is strongly coupled to incident THz radiation, and solves a fundamental problem of how to incorporate a tunable plasmonic channel into a device with electrical contacts. In order to be applied in practical optoelectronic devices, graphene terahertz plasmonic resonators must be connected to an antenna, transmission line, metamaterial, or other electrical contact, in order to sense or apply a voltage or current, or to improve the coupling to free-space radiation. The conductive boundary screens the electric field and inhibits the accumulation of charge density at the opposing edges of the graphene channel, thus disrupting the traditional graphene plasmon mode. Until now, there was no experimental evidence that two-dimensional plasmons could be confined with conductive boundaries.In this letter, we demonstrate a new type of plasmon resonance in metal-contacted graphene, and we use analytic calculations, numerical simulations, and THz reflection and transmission measurements to confirm the principle of operation. These plasmon modes shows strong coupling to incident terahertz radiation, so that maximal absorption in graphene can be achieved at a resonance frequency that is gate-tunable. We also introduce an equivalent circuit model that predicts the resonant frequency, linewidth, and impedance matching condition of the fundamental plasmon mode, and can be used for d...

show abstract

Broad Electrical Tuning of Graphene-Loaded Plasmonic Antennas

Cited by 541 publications

References 46 publications

A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications

A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications

Spectrally selective chiral silicon metasurfaces based on infrared Fano resonances

Tunable Terahertz Hybrid Metal–Graphene Plasmons

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About