British Anti-Lewisite (BAL)

Ferric ion sequestering agents. 10. Selectivity of sulfonated poly(catechoylamides) for ferric ion

“…Plutonium(IV) and Fe(III) possess 'notable chemical similarities: (1) they have similar charge to ionic radius ratios (4.Z and 4:.6 elA, respectively);ll (2) both have large hydrolysis constants;…”

An Attempt of Excreting Injected Thorotrast in Rabbits by 2, 3-Dimercaptopropanol. (Bal)

“…Against this background it is to be understood with what enthusiasm one saw the development of the injectable thorium compounds, of which the first was described in 1929 by BLUHBAUM, FRIK and KALKBRUNNER (2). One of the best thorium compounds was manufactured by Heyden under the name of Thorotrast (15). With its great opacity for roentgen and chemical indifference (7) it promised to become the best compound for visualization of the vessels.…”

Teratology studies of lewisite and sulfur mustard agents: Effects of lewisite in rats and rabbits: Final report

“…Unlike the strong alkylating agent, sulfur mustard, lewisite reacts with the sulfhydryl groups of proteins through its arsenic group (Cassarett and Doull, 1986)o During World War I, several arsenicals were utilized as chemical warfare agents and, although lewisite was developed during this period, it was never used in the field until 1938 at !chang. More recently, London physicians, who treated victims of chemical weapons in the 1984 Persian Gulf War, observed typical symptoms of the effect of this agent (Perera, 1985) o Early in World War II, interest in the toxicology of chemical warfare agents revived and many of the animal studies with lewisite were performed during the 1940's (Windholz, 1983) 0 During this interval, therapeutic agents for treatment of lewisite exposures were studied and British anti-lewisite (BAL) was developed (Peters et al 1945) 0 BAL, a vicinal dithiol with a greater affinity for trivalent arsenic than for protein, has also been used to treat heavy metal poisoning. More recent studies of the lethal systemic action of lewisite have also been concerned with the development of therapeutic agents 13 using chemical analogs of BAL, dimercaptosuccinic acid and dimercaptopropanesulfonate (Aposhian, 1982;Hsu et al, 1982).…”