Bringing the State Police In: The Diffusion of U.S. Statewide Policing Agencies, 1905–1941

Abstract

Policing is a prominent but understudied part of American politics. This article asks: Why did some, but not all, American states adopt a state police force in the early twentieth century? The state police force—a statewide policing agency with general jurisdiction over crimes throughout a state—was a prized progressive policy reform for decades. Yet many states declined to adopt the innovation. That puzzle becomes even more interesting given that all forty-eight states adopted the closely related innovation of a state highway patrol during the same period. This article applies diffusion theory to explain the origins of a familiar feature of American policing. Using a multimethod research design, I found that labor-capital struggles and regional pressures for diffusion were most important in shaping the adoption of state police forces. By contrast, adoptions of highway patrols appear to have been influenced by factors such as urbanization and fiscal capacity.

A scoping review of police civilian oversight literature 1992–2022

“…Interestingly, no state police organizations were consistently operated in the United states prior to 1900. This distinction is important to note as some scholars perceive the establishment of state police as a step toward policing reform through augmentation, replacement, or control of local police (Musgrave, 2020; O'Rourke et al ., 2021). Beyond establishing a state police force and licensing requirements, states never achieved sufficient regulation of local police (Richman and Seo, 2022).…”