Bringing the Military Back in: Military Expenditures and Economic Growth 1990 to 2003

Kentor, Jeffrey; Kick, Edward L.

doi:10.5195/jwsr.2008.342

Cited by 61 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Andrew K. Jorgenson, Brett Clark, and Jeffrey Kentor • 23 66. Jorgenson 2005;and Kentor and Kick 2008. Notes: *pϽ.05 **pϽ.01 ***pϽ.001 (one-tailed tests); unstandardized coefªcients ºagged for signiªcance; absolute value of t statistics in parentheses; standardized coefªcients in brackets Historically, research in the environmental social sciences has focused on economic and demographic processes. The robust ªndings of this study highlight the importance of considering the environmental impacts of militaries as well.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Militarization and the Environment: A Panel Study of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and the Ecological Footprints of Nations, 1970–2000

Jorgenson

Clark

Kentor

2010

Global Environmental Politics

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128

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The authors situate treadmill of destruction theory in a comparative international perspective to assess the environmental impacts of national militaries. Results of cross-national panel models indicate that high-tech militarization in the form of expenditures per soldier contribute to the scale and intensity of carbon dioxide emissions as well as the per capita ecological footprints of nations. Likewise, all three of these environmental outcomes are positively associated with military participation in the context of the number of soldiers relative to the size of domestic populations. Overall, the findings support the proposed theorization and highlight the need for social scientists to consider the environmental and ecological consequences of nations' militaries, regardless of whether or not they are engaged in conflicts.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Militarization and the Environment: A Panel Study of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and the Ecological Footprints of Nations, 1970–2000

Jorgenson

Clark

Kentor

2010

Global Environmental Politics

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128

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“…A study focussing on apartheid South Africa was undertaken by Roux (1996Roux ( , 2000, using a Keynesian aggregate production function model. Other,studies include McMillan (1992), and 1 These studies include among others Feder, 1982;Smith, 1980;Deger and Smith, 1983;Lim, 1983;Faini, et al, 1984;Biswas and Ram, 1986;Deger, 1986;Joerding, 1986;Ram, 1986;Rasler and Thompson, 1988;Atesoglu and Mueller, 1990;Alexander, 1990;Chowdhury, 1991;Huang and Mintz, 1991;Ward et al 1991;Chletsos and Kollias, 1995;Antonakis, 1997;Sezgin, 1997Sezgin, , 1999Sezgin, , 2000Sezgin, , 2001Heo, 1999;Murdoch et al, 1997;Sandler, 2002a, 2002b;Ozsoy, 2000;Yildirim and Sezgin, 2002;Aizenman and Glick, 2006;Cuaresma and Reitschuler, 2006;Drèze, 2006;Kalaitzidakis and Tzouvelekas, 2007;Kollias et al, 2007;Yakovlev, 2007;Habibullah et al, 2008;Kentor and Kick, 2008;Dunne and Uye, 2009;Hirnissa et al, 2009;Dunne and Smith, 2010 Batchelor et al (2000b). 2 McMillan (1992) examines the link using a Feder Ram model based on a neoclassical production function for the period 1950-1985.…”

Section: Military Expenditure and Economic Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Military expenditure, economic growth and structural instability: a case study of South Africa

Aye

Balcılar

Dunne

et al. 2014

Defence and Peace Economics

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This paper makes two contributions to the growing literature on the military expenditureeconomic growth nexus. It provides a case study of a developing country, South Africa, and considers the possibilities of structural breaks in the relationship, applying newly developed econometric methods. Taking annual data from 1951 to 2010 and full sample bootstrap Granger non-causality tests, initially we find no causal link between military expenditure and GDP. Then, using parameter instability tests, the estimated VARs are found to be unstable. However, when a bootstrap rolling window estimation procedure is used to deal with time variation in the parameters, bidirectional Granger causality between the two series becomes evident in various subsamples. While military expenditure has positive predictive power for GDP at certain initial periods, it has negative predictive power at some later periods in the sample. Similar results were obtained for the causality running from GDP to military expenditure. These findings illustrate that conclusions based on the standard Granger causality tests, which neither account for structural breaks nor time variation in the relationship may be invalid.

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“…Today, the extent of environmental damage inflicted by militaries depends more on the technological sophistication of the weapons they employ than on the number of soldiers and other personnel that militaries possess (Hooks and Smith 2012;Kentor and Kick 2008). Whereas most wars fought throughout human history brought about environmental degradation indirectly, WMDs are intentionally designed to make ecosystems uninhabitable by humans (Hooks and Smith 2005).…”

Section: Treadmill Of Destructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Treadmill of Destruction in Comparative Perspective: A Panel Study of Military Spending and Carbon Emissions, 1960-2014

Bradford

2017

JWSR

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Bringing the Military Back in: Military Expenditures and Economic Growth 1990 to 2003

Abstract: ABSTRACT

Cited by 61 publications

References 36 publications

Militarization and the Environment: A Panel Study of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and the Ecological Footprints of Nations, 1970–2000

Militarization and the Environment: A Panel Study of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and the Ecological Footprints of Nations, 1970–2000

Military expenditure, economic growth and structural instability: a case study of South Africa

The Treadmill of Destruction in Comparative Perspective: A Panel Study of Military Spending and Carbon Emissions, 1960-2014

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