Bringing Chatbots into education: Towards Natural Language Negotiation of Open Learner Models

Kerlyl, Alice; Hall, Phil; Bull, Susan

doi:10.1007/978-1-84628-666-7_14

Cited by 156 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Researchers have attempted to translate these psychological theories of rapport into computational systems and studies have indicated that it is possible to capture these behaviors in various automated systems ranging from machine learning-based prediction models (e.g., Morency et al, 2009;Huang et al, 2010) to "chatbots" (e.g., Kerlyl et al, 2007) and virtual humans (e.g., Cassell and Bickmore, 2002;Bickmore et al, 2005;Haylan, 2005;Cassell et al, 2007;Gratch et al, 2007Gratch et al, , 2013Matsuyama et al, 2016;Zhao et al, 2016). For example, some virtual humans have been designed to utilize verbal (e.g., words uttered, prosody, intonation, etc.)…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reporting Mental Health Symptoms: Breaking Down Barriers to Care with Virtual Human Interviewers

et al. 2017

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A common barrier to healthcare for psychiatric conditions is the stigma associated with these disorders. Perceived stigma prevents many from reporting their symptoms. Stigma is a particularly pervasive problem among military service members, preventing them from reporting symptoms of combat-related conditions like posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, research shows (increased reporting by service members when anonymous assessments are used. For example, service members report more symptoms of PTSD when they anonymously answer the Post-Deployment Health Assessment (PDHA) symptom checklist compared to the official PDHA, which is identifiable and linked to their military records. To investigate the factors that influence reporting of psychological symptoms by service members, we used a transformative technology: automated virtual humans that interview people about their symptoms. Such virtual human interviewers allow simultaneous use of two techniques for eliciting disclosure that would otherwise be incompatible; they afford anonymity while also building rapport. We examined whether virtual human interviewers could increase disclosure of mental health symptoms among active-duty service members that just returned from a yearlong deployment in Afghanistan. Service members reported more symptoms during a conversation with a virtual human interviewer than on the official PDHA. They also reported more to a virtual human interviewer than on an anonymized PDHA. A second, larger sample of active-duty and former service members found a similar effect that approached statistical significance. Because respondents in both studies shared more with virtual human interviewers than an anonymized PDHA-even though both conditions control for stigma and ramifications for service members' military records-virtual human interviewers that build rapport may provide a superior option to encourage reporting.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reporting Mental Health Symptoms: Breaking Down Barriers to Care with Virtual Human Interviewers

et al. 2017

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“…', 'can you tell jokes?'). These interactions, though not directly related to the learner model, have been found to be valuable [20] in encouraging users to engage with the system. In order to control the conversation, after a small number of smalltalk interchanges it will remind the user that they are there to discuss their learning, and suggest a topic.…”

Section: Chatbotmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The commercial nature of the technology also ensures that it is well tested. Further discussion of this technology is presented in [20].…”

Section: Calmsystem Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Use of a Wizard of Oz study as basis for initial development -Wizard of Oz studies (where a user believes that they are conversing with a computer, but are actually conversing with a human) offer a unique development opportunity for conversational systems. The Wizard of Oz study [20] carried out to support this project proved essential in providing insights into the users' likely responses, allowing appropriate conversational logic to be developed in the prototype systems. This logic was further developed following feedback from trials and use of the system.…”

Section: System Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The principal interface between the chatbot and the rest of the OLM system is via the SQL database. Early design of the chatbot was informed by the results of a Wizard of Oz study [20], where users believed they were communicating with a chatbot, but which was in fact the human experimenter. This provided guidance for structuring the underlying chatbot scripts.…”

Section: Calmsystem Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

CALMsystem: A Conversational Agent for Learner Modelling

Kerly

Ellis²,

Bull

2008

Knowledge-Based Systems

Self Cite

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Rediscovering the use of chatbots in education: A systematic literature review

Pérez

Daradoumis

Puig

2020

Comp Applic In Engineering

174

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Chatbots have been around for years and have been used in many areas such as medicine or commerce. Our focus is on the development and current uses of chatbots in the field of education, where they can function as service assistants or as educational agents. In this research paper, we attempt to make a systematic review of the literature on educational chatbots that address various issues. From 485 sources, 80 studies on chatbots and their application in education were selected through a step-by-step procedure based on the guidelines of the PRISMA framework, using a set of predefined criteria. The results obtained demonstrate the existence of different types of educational chatbots currently in use that affect student learning or improve services in various areas. This paper also examines the type of technology used to unravel the learning outcome that can be obtained from each type of chatbots. Finally, our results identify instances where a chatbot can assist in learning under conditions similar to those of a human tutor, while exploring other possibilities and techniques for assessing the quality of chatbots. Our analysis details these findings and can provide a solid framework for research and development of chatbots for the educational field.

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Bringing Chatbots into education: Towards Natural Language Negotiation of Open Learner Models

Cited by 156 publications

References 9 publications

Reporting Mental Health Symptoms: Breaking Down Barriers to Care with Virtual Human Interviewers

Reporting Mental Health Symptoms: Breaking Down Barriers to Care with Virtual Human Interviewers

CALMsystem: A Conversational Agent for Learner Modelling

Rediscovering the use of chatbots in education: A systematic literature review

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