Brief report. Risk factors for subclinical vitamin A deficiency in children under the age of 6 years

Khandait, Devendra W; Vasudeo, N D; Zodpey, Sanjay; Kumbhalkar, Dinkar T

doi:10.1093/tropej/46.4.239

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Beside poverty, several studies have shown that childhood illnesses, such as measles, diarrhea, and respiratory tract infections are strong predictors of VAD. [11][12][13] Intestinal parasitic infections also contribute significantly to the web of causation of VAD. [14][15][16] Despite great development in socioeconomic status throughout the 52 years of independence, intestinal parasitic infections and malnutrition are still public health problems in Malaysia, particularly among Aboriginal children in rural areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giardiasis and Poor Vitamin A Status among Aboriginal School Children in Rural Malaysia

Al-Mekhlafi¹,

Surin²,

Sallam³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract.A cross-sectional study was carried out on 241 primary schoolchildren in Pahang, Malaysia to update their vitamin A status and to investigate the association of poor vitamin A status with their health and socioeconomic factors. All children were screened for intestinal parasitic infections. Blood samples were collected and vitamin A status was assessed. Socioeconomic data were collected by using pre-tested questionnaires. The results showed that 66 (27.4%) children had low serum retinol levels (< 0.70 μmol/L). Giardiasis and severe ascariasis were significantly associated with low serum retinol levels ( P = 0.004 and P = 0.018, respectively). Logistic regression confirmed the significant association of giardiasis with low serum retinol (odds ratio = 2.7, 95% confidence interval = 1.3-5.5). In conclusion, vitamin A deficiency is still a public health problem in rural Malaysia. Vitamin A supplementation and treatment of intestinal parasitic infections should be distributed periodically to these children to improve their health and nutritional status. 18 Iintensity of infection was graded as heavy, moderate, or light according to criteria proposed by the World Health Organization.19 Scores for intensity of infections were given to each soil-transmitted helminth species (light = 1, mild = 2, and severe = 3) and mixed infections with a worm score ≥ 5 were included in the analysis. Samples were also examined for Giardia duodenalis trophozoites or cysts by using the trichrome staining technique.Assessment of vitamin A status. Approximately 2-3 mL of venous blood were collected from each participant into tubes for biochemical analysis. Blood was left at room temperature to ensure clot formation. The tubes were then centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain serum that was stored at -20°C until further analysis. Serum retinol concentrations were determined using a reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (LC-10AD; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) as described. 16,20 One hundred microliters of ethanol containing retinyl acetate as an internal standard was added to 100 μL of serum. Refiltered petroleum ether (RPE) (500 μL) was added and the mixture was mixed with a vortex mixer for 1 minute and centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 minutes. A 150-μL sample from the refiltered petroleum ether layer was transferred into a clean test tube and evaporated. The extract was dissolved in 200 μL of ethanol. Eighty microliters of this mixture was injected into the high performance liquid chromatography apparatus. Methanol:water (95:5 [v/v]) was used as the mobile phase and all-trans retinol was used as the standard. For quality control, 20% of the samples were randomly selected and examined in duplicate. Serum retinol was measured in picomoles per liter.Use of serum retinol to assess vitamin A status may be influenced by inflammation and reductions in plasma retinol, which have been described during the acute phase of a wide range of infections. 21 The design of this study did not consider the inflammatory status of the...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giardiasis and Poor Vitamin A Status among Aboriginal School Children in Rural Malaysia

Al-Mekhlafi¹,

Surin²,

Sallam³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…The effectiveness of these programs may be enhanced by also targeting factors associated with reduced absorption and increased utilization of vitamin A. Previous studies indicate that a range of factors, including low birth weight, stunting, wasting, underweight, acute respiratory infection and diarrheal morbidity, socioeconomic, environmental and demographic characteristics, may influence serum retinol concentration (Faber & Spinnler Benade, 2000;Khandait et al, 2000;Feungpean et al, 2002;Miller et al, 2002;Oso et al, 2003). The extent to which these factors affect retinol stores is likely to vary by community and geographic location.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subclinical vitamin A deficiency in Israeli-Bedouin toddlers

et al. 2004

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Objective: This study was designed to estimate the prevalence of and evaluate risk factors for subclinical vitamin A deficiency in Arab-Bedouin children at age 18 months, followed from birth. Design: Community-based, prospective, cohort study conducted in Rahat, a large Arab-Bedouin township, located near the city of Beer Sheva in the Negev region of southern Israel. Subjects: Healthy Bedouin infants (n¼117) from the township, born at Soroka University Medical Center (SUMC) in Beer Sheva, were randomly recruited at birth. Enrollment was restricted to well infants born weighing 42500 g at birth.Results: More than 15% of the children had serum retinol concentrations below 0.7 mmol/l. Male sex (odds ratio (OR) 4.17 [1.14-15.32], P¼0.031), stunting at age 12 months (OR 10.09 [2.00-50.97], P¼0.05) and warm season at age 18 months .28], P¼0.018) were associated with vitamin A deficiency. Maternal education decreased the risk of vitamin A deficiency (OR 0.81 [0.68-0.95], P¼0.011). Conclusions: Study results indicate a significant vitamin A deficiency problem among Bedouin children. Deficiency may be prevented by increasing dietary intake of vitamin A, especially during the warm season. Other interventions include preventing and controlling diarrheal diseases in order to avert nutritional stunting, and providing nutritional education to women of childbearing age.

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“…La elección de los factores de riesgo incluidos en la encuesta se realizó teniendo en cuenta la literatura científica (10,11,13,15,17,19,20,24,25,28) e información existente sobre la situación nutricional de la población de Cundinamarca y el municipio de Funza. y nutrición, participación en programas de alimentación y nutrición del municipio.…”

Section: Encuesta Sobre Factores Asociados a Deficiencia De Hierro Y unclassified

“…El resultado probablemente se debe a que, aunque la asociación de estos factores con la deficiencias de micronutrientes está ampliamente demostrada en distintos estudios y en diferentes grupos de población (10,11,13,16,19,20,23,25), el grado de participación en la deficiencia es inferior al observado en otras poblaciones; es esto lo que precisamente valida el hecho de que se evalúen estos mismos factores en distintas poblaciones; es decir, la no asociación se debe a la misma concepción de riesgo que indica un aumento en la probabilidad de que se sufra una enfermedad, pero no necesariamente que debe producirse (68). El resultado también pudo verse influenciado por el tipo de estudio realizado, el cual no corresponde a un diseño de casos y controles, o porque tal vez es necesario determinar indicadores más específicos para medir la influencia de los factores de riesgo presentes en esta población.…”

Section: Antropométricasunclassified

“…Algunos de los factores de riesgo para deficiencia de hierro y vitamina A se relacionan con la composición familiar, la distribución intrafamiliar, la calidad y el manejo de los alimentos, la localización geográfica (2,10-16), y las prácticas incorrectas de lactancia materna y de preparación de alimentos en el destete (12,17,18), así como con la baja escolaridad de los padres (11,(18)(19)(20), el hacinamiento y los bajos ingresos (10). No obstante, otros autores concluyen que la baja ingesta de hierro y vitamina A se presenta en todos los grupos socioeconómicos (21).…”

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Estado de los micronutrientes hierro y vitamina A, factores de riesgo para las deficiencias y valoración antropométrica en niños preescolares del municipio de Funza, Colombia

et al. 2007

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Brief report. Risk factors for subclinical vitamin A deficiency in children under the age of 6 years

Cited by 14 publications

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Giardiasis and Poor Vitamin A Status among Aboriginal School Children in Rural Malaysia

Giardiasis and Poor Vitamin A Status among Aboriginal School Children in Rural Malaysia

Subclinical vitamin A deficiency in Israeli-Bedouin toddlers

Estado de los micronutrientes hierro y vitamina A, factores de riesgo para las deficiencias y valoración antropométrica en niños preescolares del municipio de Funza, Colombia

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