Brief Report: Relationship Between Non-verbal IQ and Gender in Autism

Banach, Ryan; Thompson, Ann; Szatmári, Péter; Goldberg, Jeremy; Tuff, Larry; Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie; Mahoney, William J.

doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0612-4

Cited by 100 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Therefore, we could not detect the gender differences on RRB in our sample. However, in line with the results of other reports, we found no differences in severity of autism symptoms between males and females either across time or at a specific time assessment (nor at T0 or at T1; Carter et al 2007;Banach et al 2009;Andersson et al 2013;Mayes and Calhoun 2011;Zwaigenbaum et al 2012;Mandy et al 2012;Szatmari et al 2012;Donna et al 2013). Furthermore, our results have shown no significant interaction between time and gender for predicting cognitive ability, parental stress, children's adaptive skills or behavior problems.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Furthermore, the available findings on the differences in clinical profiles between males and females with ASD have J Autism Dev Disord (2015) 45:2046-2055 2049 Table 1 ADOS severity score, GMDS-ER and VABS-SF at T0 and T1 Autism Dev Disord (2015) 45:2046-20552051 shown contrasting results (Carter et al 2007;Banach et al 2009;Andersson et al 2013;Van Wijngaarden-Cremers et al 2013;Hofvander et al 2009;Lugnegard et al 2011;Matson and Nebel-Schwalm 2007;Park et al 2012;Simonoff et al 2008;Lai et al 2011;Mayes and Calhoun 2011;Zwaigenbaum et al 2012;Mandy et al 2012;Szatmari et al 2012;Donna et al 2013). On the one hand, most studies found no gender differences on social behaviors or communication nor on RRB (Carter et al 2007;Banach et al 2009;Andersson et al 2013;Hofvander et al 2009;Lugnegard et al 2011;Matson and Nebel-Schwalm 2007;Park et al 2012;Simonoff et al 2008;Lai et al 2011;Mayes and Calhoun 2011;Zwaigenbaum et al 2012;Mandy et al 2012). For instance, Andersson et al (2013), in a cross-sectional study aimed at investigating gender differences in clinical and developmental profiles in 20 preschool girls and 20 age-matched preschool boys with suspected ASD, found no significant differences on communication and RRB.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies failed to find any differences in the core symptoms of ASD between males and females (Carter et al 2007;Banach et al 2009;Andersson et al 2013;Mayes and Calhoun 2011;Zwaigenbaum et al 2012;Mandy et al 2012;Szatmari et al 2012;Donna et al 2013). On the other hand, a meta-analysis of 20 studies investigating gender differences in ASD reported few differences in symptom severity between males and females.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Longitudinal comparison between male and female preschool children with autism spectrum disorder

Postorino

Fatta

Peppo

et al. 2015

J Autism Dev Disord

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Epidemiological studies have highlighted a strong male bias in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), however few studies have examined gender differences in autism symptoms, and available findings are inconsistent. The aim of the present study is to investigate the longitudinal gender differences in developmental profiles of 30 female and 30 male age-matched preschool children with ASD. All the children underwent a comprehensive evaluation at T0 and at T1. Our results have shown no significant interaction between time and gender for predicting autism symptoms, developmental quotient, parental stress, children's adaptive skills and behavior problems. Shedding light on the developmental trajectories in ASD could help clinicians to recognize children with ASD at an earlier age and contribute to the development of appropriate treatments.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Longitudinal comparison between male and female preschool children with autism spectrum disorder

Postorino

Fatta

Peppo

et al. 2015

J Autism Dev Disord

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“…No sex differences existed on measures of social reciprocity in our analyses suggesting that the mechanism underlying sex differences in ASD is either restricted to the BEH domain or else there are measurement effects or other covariates that influence social reciprocity and so the familial effect is obscured. The results in this paper are also somewhat different than our earlier paper on sex differences in IQ which showed (in a sub-sample of the AGP from the Canadian site that was part of this study) that in families with a single affected individual, females are more severely affected than boys, whereas no such differences exist in multiple incidence families [Banach et al, 2009]. Putting these findings together adds to the growing evidence of the fractionation of the ASD phenotype into social-communication, and BEH [Happe and Ronald, 2008;Mandy and Skuse, 2008] and possibly IQ [Banach et al, 2009] with possibly different genotype-phenotype relationships.…”

contrasting

confidence: 99%

“…The ratio is apparently greater than 4:1 among children with IQ's above 70 [Lord and Schopler, 1985;Volkmar et al, 1993;McLennan et al, 1993]. This, however, only appears to be true in families with a single affected child; in multiple incidence families the 4 to 1 sex ratio is constant across IQ strata [Banach et al, 2009]. It is also important to note that studies Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sex differences in repetitive stereotyped behaviors in autism: Implications for genetic liability

Szatmári

Liu

Goldberg

et al. 2011

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

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167

141

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The implications of the well known sex differences in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are not well understood. The aim of this paper was to investigate whether these differences might be associated with differences in genetic liability. Individuals with ASD (970 families, 2,028 individuals) were recruited as part of the Autism Genome Project (AGP). The families were differentiated into families containing a female (either female-female or male-female) and those with only males. If the sex with the lower prevalence is associated with a greater genetic liability necessary to cross sex-specific thresholds, the males from female containing families should be more severely affected than males from male only families. Affected subjects from the different types of families with ASD were sampled and compared on the social reciprocity and repetitive behavior scores from the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). In general, females had lower repetitive behavior scores than males. More importantly, males from female containing families had higher repetitive behavior scores than males from male-male families. No such differences were apparent on the social reciprocity scores. These results support the hypothesis of a multiple threshold model of genetic liability of ASD with females having a higher liability for affectation status, at least on the repetitive behavior dimension of the disorder. These data also support the dissociation of the different phenotypic dimensions of ASD in terms of its genetic architecture. The implications of these results for linkage and association studies are discussed.

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Treatment Resistant Epilepsy in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Increased Risk for Females

et al. 2015

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The male:female ratio in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) averages greater than 4:1 while the male:female ratio of ASD with epilepsy averages less than 3:1. This indicates an elevated risk of epilepsy in females with ASD; yet, it is unknown whether phenotypic features of epilepsy and ASD differ between males and females with this comorbidity. The goal of this study is to investigate sex differences in phenotypic features of epilepsy and ASD in a prospective sample of 130 children and young adults with an initial ASD diagnosis and subsequent epilepsy diagnosis. All participants were characterized by standardized diagnostic inventories, parent/caregiver completed questionnaires, and medical/academic record review. Diagnostic classifications of epilepsy, ASD, and intellectual disability were performed by board certified neurologists and a pediatric neuropsychologist. Results demonstrated a lower male:female ratio (1.8:1) in individuals with ASD and treatment-resistant epilepsy relative to those with ASD and treatment-responsive epilepsy (4.9:1), indicating a higher risk of treatment-resistant epilepsy in females. Mild neuroimaging abnormalities were more common in females than males and this was associated with increased risk of treatment-resistance. In contrast, ASD symptom severity was lower in females compared with males. Findings distinguish females with ASD and epilepsy as a distinct subgroup at higher risk for a more severe epilepsy phenotype in the context of a less severe ASD phenotype. Increased risk of anti-epileptic treatment resistance in females with ASD and epilepsy suggests that comprehensive genetic, imaging, and neurologic screening and enhanced treatment monitoring may be indicated for this subgroup. Autism Res 2016, 9: 311-320. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Brief Report: Relationship Between Non-verbal IQ and Gender in Autism

Cited by 100 publications

References 23 publications

Longitudinal comparison between male and female preschool children with autism spectrum disorder

Longitudinal comparison between male and female preschool children with autism spectrum disorder

Sex differences in repetitive stereotyped behaviors in autism: Implications for genetic liability

Treatment Resistant Epilepsy in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Increased Risk for Females

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