Brief Introduction to Fungi

Worrall, James J.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4423-0_1

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Given the osmotrophic nature of fungi (i.e. they secrete extracellular enzymes to the environment to degrade available polymers and subsequently use membrane‐localized transport proteins for nourishment; Worrall, ), it is expected, and in many cases has been proven, that chemical elicitors in fungal exudates are involved in the mutual recognition. Electron microscopy studies have shown that bacteria do not distribute uniformly on fungal hyphae as well as on plant roots.…”

Section: Interactions In the Mycospherementioning

confidence: 99%

The mycosphere constitutes an arena for horizontal gene transfer with strong evolutionary implications for bacterial-fungal interactions

Zhang

Silva

Mares

et al. 2014

FEMS Microbiol Ecol

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In the microhabitat that surrounds fungal hyphae in soil, coined the mycosphere, carbonaceous compounds that are released from the hyphae stimulate the growth of heterotrophic bacteria, and thus activate organism-to-organism contacts through genetic interactions. Therefore, the mycosphere is postulated to constitute a gene transfer arena, in which a plethora of genes, including locally adaptive ones, are swapped across the resident microbial communities. Such genetic transfers may have plasmids, in particular ones with broad host ranges, as the basis. Indeed, evidence is increasing for the contention that plasmids play crucial roles as accelerators of evolution in the mycosphere, serving as a horizontal gene pool and, therefore, providing competence factors to local bacteria as well as fungi. The evidence so far points at mycosphere roles for two major plasmid classes, the IncP-1 and PromA groups. Moreover, recent data indicate that bacterium-to-fungus gene transfers are detectable and have been evolutionarily important. The large gene pool present in the mycosphere, coupled with the chances for cell-to-cell contact between mycosphere dwellers allows enhanced recombination frequencies, and as such, organisms are selected locally for enhanced fitness.

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Section: Interactions In the Mycospherementioning

confidence: 99%

The mycosphere constitutes an arena for horizontal gene transfer with strong evolutionary implications for bacterial-fungal interactions

Zhang

Silva

Mares

et al. 2014

FEMS Microbiol Ecol

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“…Likewise, in fungi, survival structures are generally associated with sex (e.g. meiotically produced ascospores, [46]), yet species also have the ability to produce conicia, asexual survival structures that can also disperse [47]. Also, there are taxa (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abandoning the ship using sex, dispersal or dormancy: multiple escape routes from challenging conditions

Gerber

Kokko

2018

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Natural populations often experience environments that vary across space and over time, leading to spatio-temporal variation of the fitness of a genotype. If local conditions are poor, organisms can disperse in space (physical movement) or time (dormancy, diapause). Facultatively sexual organisms can switch between asexual and sexual reproduction, and thus have a third option available to deal with maladaptedness: they can engage in sexual reproduction in unfavourable conditions (an 'abandon-ship' response). Sexual reproduction in facultatively sexual organisms is often coupled with dispersal and/or dormancy, while bet-hedging theory at first sight predicts sex, dispersal and dormancy to covary negatively, as they represent different escape mechanisms that could substitute for each other. Here we briefly review the observed links between sex, dormancy and dispersal, and model the expected covariation patterns of dispersal, dormancy and the reproductive mode in the context of local adaptation to spatio-temporally fluctuating environments. The correlations between sex, dormancy and dispersal evolve differently within species versus across species. Various risk-spreading strategies are not completely interchangeable, as each has dynamic consequences that can feed back into the profitability of others. Our results shed light on the discrepancy between previous theoretical predictions on covarying risk-spreading traits and help explain why sex often associates with other means of escaping unfavourable situations.This article is part of the theme issue 'Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences'.

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Higher fitness and competitive advantage of Pyricularia oryzae Triticum lineage resistant to QoI fungicides

Dorigan

Moreira

Ceresini

et al. 2022

Pest Management Science

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Background Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides have not been effective in controlling the wheat blast disease [Pyricularia oryzae Triticum lineage (PoTl)] in Brazil. The first report of resistance of PoTl to QoIs in this country occurred in 2015. This study aimed to test hypotheses about the changes in fitness parameters and competitive advantage of the QoI‐resistant (R) PoTl isolate group compared to the sensitive (S) isolate group. Mycelial growth on PDA medium and in vivo conidial production, incubation period and disease severity were analyzed as fitness parameters. The competitive ability was measured on wheat leaves and heads inoculated with mixtures of R:S isolates at the following proportions: 0S:100R, 20S:80R, 50S:50R, 80S:20R, 100S:0R, and 0S:0R. Results The QoI‐R isolate group had significantly higher fitness than the sensitive isolate group, considering both in vitro and in vivo parameters. The highest in vivo conidial production on wheat leaves and the highest leaf and head disease severity were detected when resistant strains were predominant in the isolate's mixtures (20S:80R or 0S:100R proportions), in the absence of fungicide pressure. Conidia harvested from wheat blast lesions on leaves inoculated with 20S:80R and 0S:100R mixtures were resistant to QoIs in vitro assays based on discriminatory doses of the fungicide. Conclusion Therefore, QoI resistance facilitated a higher fitness and a competitive advantage in PoTl, which contrasts with the evolutionary theory that associates a fitness cost to fungicide resistance. We discuss the evolutionary and ecological implications of the higher fitness as found in the fungicide‐resistant adapted populations of the wheat blast pathogen. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Brief Introduction to Fungi

Cited by 4 publications

References 15 publications

The mycosphere constitutes an arena for horizontal gene transfer with strong evolutionary implications for bacterial-fungal interactions

The mycosphere constitutes an arena for horizontal gene transfer with strong evolutionary implications for bacterial-fungal interactions

Abandoning the ship using sex, dispersal or dormancy: multiple escape routes from challenging conditions

Higher fitness and competitive advantage of Pyricularia oryzae Triticum lineage resistant to QoI fungicides

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