Brief Documentation of Ecosystem in Kubah, Bako, and Santubong National Park, Sarawak

Abstract

The state of Sarawak is blessed with vast wilderness and thriving wildlife (Abu Bakar et al., 2016). The state has a flourishing biodiversity, ecology, and environment, packed with amazing national parks, which are world-renowned. The parks are home to lush tropical rainforests and peculiar wildlife, all of which can be found in natural parks such as Kubah, Bako, and Santubong National Park. This documentation was briefly notes biodiversity, ecology, and environment-related information in the exceptionally rich ecosystems of flora and fauna of these national parks.The documentation was aimed at observing and documenting the ecosystem in Kubah, Bako and Santubong National Parks to assess future needs for ecosystem and education for a sustainable future. The documentation is also targeted at creating awareness on ecosystem and education, inspiring sustainable development goals, studying the selected flora and fauna of the area, and boosting the academic, research, and development value. Multiple perspectives for biodiversity, ecology, and environment of the parks such as scientific, historical, geography, values, cultural, and sustainability (Tan et al., 2009) are significant in the forming of a valuable framework for sustainable development. The outcome of the observation comprised a basic discovery of the mangrove ecosystem, pitcher plant, plant-animal interaction, and invertebrates in the parks. These have enabled the short and basic research documentation from the park’s ecosystem as well as presentation where valuable findings were shared.
 

Review: Diversity, structure, and community composition of Bornean heath forest with a focus on Brunei Darussalam

“…Previous studies of Bornean tropical heath forests focused on describing and documenting their tree diversity and communities (Brunig 1974;Proctor et al 1983;Kartawinata 1980;Newbery and Proctor 1984;Vernimmen et al 2013;Din et al 2015;Purwaningsih and Kartawinata 2018;Maimunah et al 2019;Sellan et al 2019;Tuah et al 2020). Heath forests in Sarawak, Sabah and Brunei were among the first Bornean heath forests to be studied (Brunig 1974;Proctor et al 1983;Newbery and Proctor 1984) and continue to be well investigated (Suratman et al 2011(Suratman et al , 2015Din et al, 2015;Kueh et al 2017;Takeuchi et al 2017;Sellan et al 2019;Suis et al 2019;Miyamoto et al 2021;Bukhori et al 2022). Proctor et al's (1983) study of the community composition and structure of four types of lowland forest formation in Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak recorded a total of 113 tree species, of which the Clusiaceae (Guttiferae) was the most abundant (n = 170 individuals) within the 1.0-ha heath forest study area, followed by the Dipterocarpaceae (n = 92 individuals) and Myrtaceae (n = 74 individuals).…”