Brief Communication: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Cancer. IV. Correlation of Water Content With Tissue Relaxation Times23

Saryan, Leon A.; Hollis, Donald P.; Economou, James S.; Eggleston, Joseph C.

doi:10.1093/jnci/52.2.599

Cited by 95 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…This finding follows the general observation reported several times by others that water content is a major factor governing T1 and T2 in tissues (Hazlewood et al 1969, Damadian 1971, Hollis et al 1973, Inch et al 1974, Saryan et al . 1974, Medina et al 1975, Braunschweiger et al .…”

Section: T I and T 2 Versus Fractional Tumour Water Contentsupporting

confidence: 92%

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Melanoma Xenograftsin Vivo: Proton Spin—lattice and Spin—spin Relaxation Times Versus Fractional Tumour Water Content and Fraction of Necrotic Tumour Tissue

Rofstad

Steinsland

Kaalhus

et al. 1994

International Journal of Radiation Biology

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Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-nmr) imaging is used routinely in clinical oncology to provide macroscopic anatomical information, whereas its potential to provide physiological information about tumours is not well explored. To evaluate the potential usefulness of 1H-nmr imaging in the prediction of tumour treatment resistance caused by unfavourable microenvironmental conditions, possible correlations between proton spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times (T1 and T2) and physiological parameters of the tumour microenvironment were investigated. Tumours from six human melanoma xenograft lines were included in the study. 1H-nmr imaging was performed at 1.5 T using spin-echo pulse sequences. T1- and T2-distributions were generated from the images. Fractional tumour water content and the fraction of necrotic tumour tissue were measured immediately after 1H-nmr imaging. Significant correlations across tumour lines were found for T1 and T2 versus fractional tumour water content (p < 0.001) as well as for T1 and T2 versus fraction of necrotic tumour tissue (p < 0.05). Tumours with high fractional water contents had high values of T1 and T2, probably caused by free water in the tumour interstitium. Fractional water content is correlated to interstitial fluid pressure in tumours, high interstitial fluid pressure being indicative of high vascular resistance. Tumours with high fractional water contents are thus expected to show regions with radiobiologically hypoxic cells as well as poor intravascular and interstitial transport of many therapeutic agents. T1 and T2 decreased with increasing fraction of necrotic tumour tissue, perhaps because complexed paramagnetic ions were released during development of necrosis. Viable tumour cells adjacent to necrotic regions are usually chronically hypoxic. Tumours with high fractions of necrotic tissue are thus expected to contain significant proportions of radiobiologically hypoxic cells. Consequently, quantitative 1H-nmr imaging has the potential to be developed as an efficient clinical tool in prediction of tumour treatment resistance caused by hypoxia and/or transport barriers for therapeutic agents. However, much work remains to be done before this potential can be adequately evaluated. One problem is that high fractional tumour water contents result in longer T1 and T2 whereas high fractions of necrotic tumour tissue result in shorter T1 and T2; i.e. the two parameters which are indicative of treatment resistance contribute in opposite directions. Another problem is that the correlations for T1 and T2 versus fraction of necrotic tumour tissue are not particularly strong.

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Section: T I and T 2 Versus Fractional Tumour Water Contentsupporting

confidence: 92%

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Melanoma Xenograftsin Vivo: Proton Spin—lattice and Spin—spin Relaxation Times Versus Fractional Tumour Water Content and Fraction of Necrotic Tumour Tissue

Rofstad

Steinsland

Kaalhus

et al. 1994

International Journal of Radiation Biology

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“…There is rapid hardening of tissues and also loss of water. T1 is highly dependent on the water content of the tissue, and thus T1 falls following fixation [44], however the relationship between T2 and water content does not have the same predictable effect [34]. Formalin molecules may form covalent and ionic bonds within tissues, predominantly with amino groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration of myocardial T2 and T1 against iron concentration

Carpenter

Kirk

et al. 2014

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

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BackgroundThe assessment of myocardial iron using T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has been validated and calibrated, and is in clinical use. However, there is very limited data assessing the relaxation parameters T1 and T2 for measurement of human myocardial iron.MethodsTwelve hearts were examined from transfusion-dependent patients: 11 with end-stage heart failure, either following death (n = 7) or cardiac transplantation (n = 4), and 1 heart from a patient who died from a stroke with no cardiac iron loading. Ex-vivo R1 and R2 measurements (R1 = 1/T1 and R2 = 1/T2) at 1.5 Tesla were compared with myocardial iron concentration measured using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy.ResultsFrom a single myocardial slice in formalin which was repeatedly examined, a modest decrease in T2 was observed with time, from mean (±SD) 23.7 ± 0.93 ms at baseline (13 days after death and formalin fixation) to 18.5 ± 1.41 ms at day 566 (p < 0.001). Raw T2 values were therefore adjusted to correct for this fall over time. Myocardial R2 was correlated with iron concentration [Fe] (R2 0.566, p < 0.001), but the correlation was stronger between LnR2 and Ln[Fe] (R2 0.790, p < 0.001). The relation was [Fe] = 5081•(T2)-2.22 between T2 (ms) and myocardial iron (mg/g dry weight). Analysis of T1 proved challenging with a dichotomous distribution of T1, with very short T1 (mean 72.3 ± 25.8 ms) that was independent of iron concentration in all hearts stored in formalin for greater than 12 months. In the remaining hearts stored for <10 weeks prior to scanning, LnR1 and iron concentration were correlated but with marked scatter (R2 0.517, p < 0.001). A linear relationship was present between T1 and T2 in the hearts stored for a short period (R2 0.657, p < 0.001).ConclusionMyocardial T2 correlates well with myocardial iron concentration, which raises the possibility that T2 may provide additive information to T2* for patients with myocardial siderosis. However, ex-vivo T1 measurements are less reliable due to the severe chemical effects of formalin on T1 shortening, and therefore T1 calibration may only be practical from in-vivo human studies.

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“…We think that MR may be ideal for this purpose, because it has been shown to be sensitive to changes in tissues over time, for example, during differentiation, inflammation, and edema. 1,18,20,26,29 Moreover, MR images are able to demonstrate the infiltration of tissues into the implants as well as the materials' degradation over time in vivo. 17 Specifically, MR imaging can be helpful for the evaluation of the fusion zone within the cage and for the assessment of a sentinel sign at the anterior side of the segment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging for monitoring interbody fusion and bioabsorbable cages: an ex vivo pilot study

Krijnen¹,

Smit²,

Strijkers³

et al. 2004

FOC

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Object Interbody fusion is a gradual process of graft resorption and tissue formation, ideally resulting in a bone bridge between two adjacent vertebral bodies. Initially, fibrous tissue and cartilage are formed, which subsequently are replaced by bone through the process of endochondral ossification. When cages and/or their contents are made of resorbable polymers like lactic or glycolic acids, there is a simultaneous process of implant degradation, which is eventually accompanied by reactions in the surrounding tissues. The purpose of this study was to explore the use of high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for monitoring tissue differentiation, spinal fusion, cage degradation, and eventually tissue reactions as a function of time. Methods Lumbar vertebral segments obtained in 14 goats with 3, 6, and 12 months of follow up (three, four, and seven animals, respectively) were available from a study of the feasibility of poly(L,D-lactic acid) cages for spinal fusion. Plain x-ray films, MR images, and histological sections were used to evaluate spinal fusion and cage resorption. The first follow-up tests revealed that MR imaging noninvasively provided three-dimensional information on cage placement, cage degradation and bone formation, and that it has potential to differentiate between the various soft tissues. Conclusions Although the magnetic field strength and thus the resolution used were higher than normal in clinical practice, MR imaging appears to be a promising modality for the noninvasive clinical follow up of patients who undergo fusion with resorbable cages. Tissue reactions were not encountered in this study, and thus could not be evaluated.

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Brief Communication: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Cancer. IV. Correlation of Water Content With Tissue Relaxation Times23

Cited by 95 publications

References 0 publications

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Melanoma Xenograftsin Vivo: Proton Spin—lattice and Spin—spin Relaxation Times Versus Fractional Tumour Water Content and Fraction of Necrotic Tumour Tissue

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Melanoma Xenograftsin Vivo: Proton Spin—lattice and Spin—spin Relaxation Times Versus Fractional Tumour Water Content and Fraction of Necrotic Tumour Tissue

Calibration of myocardial T2 and T1 against iron concentration

The use of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging for monitoring interbody fusion and bioabsorbable cages: an ex vivo pilot study

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