Bridging The Gap For Clinical Pharmacist In Developing Countries Like Pakistan

Ahmed, Aziza; Tanveer, Maria; Siddiqui, Adeel; Khan, Gul Majid

doi:10.29271/jcpsp.2018.03.229

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…To prevent medicines shortages in hospitals, participants of this study suggested the improvement in the inventory management as a solution through active participation of pharmacists in forecasting, procurement and product selection. Unfortunately, there is limited scope of pharmacy practice and lack of pharmacist acceptance in the Pakistani healthcare settings 55. In this regard, Canadian Pharmacists Association suggested that the government should broaden the scope of practice for pharmacists with the provision of authority to execute the alternative plan autonomously and in collaboration with prescribers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicines shortages in Pakistan: a qualitative study to explore current situation, reasons and possible solutions to overcome the barriers

et al. 2019

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ObjectiveThis study was conducted to assess current situation of medicines shortages in Pakistan and to identify its impact, reasons and possible solutions to overcome the barriers.DesignA qualitative study.SettingThe study was conducted between May 2018 and July 2018 in three cities of Pakistan including Islamabad, Karachi and Bahawalpur, depending on the availability of most relevant key informants.ParticipantsHealth regulators, pharmaceutical manufacturers, pharmaceutical distributors and pharmacists.Primary and secondary outcome measureStudy primarily explored current situation, reasons and potential solutions of medicines shortages in Pakistan. Secondary outcome was the issue of particular brand shortage.MethodSemistructured interviews were conducted. Sample size was determined by using saturation point criteria. Convenient sampling techniques were used to recruit the participants. The interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis.ResultsA total of 41 stakeholders including 12 health regulators, 6 pharmaceutical manufacturers, 8 pharmaceutical distributors and 15 pharmacists participated in this study. Data analysis yielded 4 themes, 16 subthemes, 51 categories. Essential and life-saving medicines were in short supply. The major reasons of short supply of medicines were active pharmaceutical ingredient and raw material availability issues, lack of traditional distribution system and sudden demand fluctuation. Among proposed solutions, three most common were the facilitation and regulation of manufacturers, reasonable price fixation and improvements in the inventory control system.ConclusionMedicines were short in supply, and this may have clinical and financial impact on the patients in Pakistan. There were multiple and complex reasons of medicines shortages. Mandatory government leadership is required to resolve the issue on priority basis for improving the access of medicines to the patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicines shortages in Pakistan: a qualitative study to explore current situation, reasons and possible solutions to overcome the barriers

et al. 2019

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“…Interestingly, the pharmacists reported de ciencies in their academic education in relation to drug dispensing. As in other low-and middle-income countries, these shortcomings may be related to an overemphasis of basic sciences during undergraduate studies and lack of specialized disciplines and internships for the development of clinical skills [43,44,45,46]. In addition, although there are government initiatives intent on modifying undergraduate degree programs related to health care, the excessive number of more than 600 pharmacy courses in Brazil can generate professional with different basic level needed to implement standard healthcare procedures [3,47,48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which factors may influence the implementation of drug dispensing in community pharmacies? A qualitative study

Cerqueira-Santos

Rocha

Araújo

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Implementation of clinical pharmacy services, such as drug dispensing, is a complex process. It is necessary to understand the challenges associated with this practice from the perspective of the actors involved to help ensure optimal service provision. Thus, this study aimed to understand the factors that may influence the implementation of drug dispensing in community pharmacies, according to the perceptions of pharmacists. Methods: This qualitative study was based on semi-structured, face-to-face interviews. The participants were pharmacists who worked in a chain of community pharmacies in Brazil, selected based on their direct participation in the implementation process. The interview recordings were transcribed full verbatim and were independently analyzed using thematic analysis, followed by consensus meetings between researchers. The factors identified by the participants were classified according to the Apoteca framework. This study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research and all participants signed an informed consent form. Results: We conducted 18 interviews, with 47 factors that may influence the implementation of drug dispensing in community pharmacies being identified. These factors were allocated to seven categories: support from community pharmacy chain (4), pharmacy infrastructure (11), characteristics of the pharmacy, medicines and other health products (4), pharmacist (16), dispensing work process (2), pharmacy team (2), and patient (8). The classification of factors according to the Apoteca framework allocated most of them to administrative (14) and technical (14) domains, followed by attitudinal (13) and political (5) domains. Conclusions: This study identified several factors that can influence the implementation of drug dispensing and classified them according to the domains of the Apoteca framework, highlighting the multifactorial nature of the implementation process. The results of this study can guide the planning of strategies aimed at providing efficient drug dispensing in community pharmacies.

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“…Under the DRAP Act 2012, pharmacy services include pharmacy services that range from existing basic services (i.e., dispensing, procurement, storage, distribution of therapeutic products and counselling) to enhanced drug services (pharmaceutical care, pharmacovigilance, pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacoeconomic and drug management services) at all levels [9]. The pharmacy curriculum underwent a transition from four years of Bachelor of Pharmacy to ve years of Doctor of Pharmacy degree in 2004 by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan [10] Currently, 21 public sector and 25 private sector universities are offering Pharm D degrees to more than 3000 pharmacists each year [11]. Moreover, as of 2019, the number of community pharmacies in Pakistan has also increased to more than 40,000 [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Pharmacist Services on Patient Health Outcomes in a Low Middle-income Country: a Systematic Review

Ahmed

Saqlain

Tanveer

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: The pharmacist's role is shifting from dispensing to bedside care, resulting in better patient health outcomes. However, pharmacist services on healthcare utilization in low- and middle-income countries such as Pakistan are unclear. As a result, we intend to conduct a systematic review of pharmacists' roles in improving Pakistani patients' health outcomes.Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHIL, and Cochrane Library for relevant articles published from inception to February 2021. Original studies investigating the therapeutic, humanistic, safety, and economic impact of pharmacists in Pakistani patients (hospitalized or outpatients) were selected. Two reviewers independently assessed the bias in studies, and mutual consensus resolved discrepancies. Results: The literature search found 751 articles from which ten studies were included; seven were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and three were observational studies. Three RCTs included were having a low risk of bias (ROB), two RCTs were having an unclear ROB, while two RCTs were having high ROB. Pharmacist interventions comprised one or more components like provision of education about the disease, medication adherence counselling, medication therapy management, and consultation with a physician regarding change of prescription. In most studies, pharmacists provided therapeutic care, followed by humanistic and safety outcomes with significant improvements. Intervention effect on cost-effectiveness and long-term outcomes were unclear.Conclusions: Positive but not always statistically significant pharmacist effects on therapeutic, humanistic, and safety outcomes have been reported. Therefore, the results favour adding on the benefit of pharmacist services but lack evidence of economic feasibility and long-term impact of pharmacist interventions.

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Bridging The Gap For Clinical Pharmacist In Developing Countries Like Pakistan

Cited by 17 publications

References 7 publications

Medicines shortages in Pakistan: a qualitative study to explore current situation, reasons and possible solutions to overcome the barriers

Medicines shortages in Pakistan: a qualitative study to explore current situation, reasons and possible solutions to overcome the barriers

Which factors may influence the implementation of drug dispensing in community pharmacies? A qualitative study

The Effect of Pharmacist Services on Patient Health Outcomes in a Low Middle-income Country: a Systematic Review

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