Bridge to the future: Important lessons from 20 years of ecosystem observations made by the OzFlux network

Beringer, Jason; Moore, Caitlin E.; Cleverly, James; Campbell, David I.; Cleugh, Helen; Kauwe, Martin G. De; Kirschbaum, Miko U. F.; Griebel, Anne; Grover, Samantha; Huete, Alfredo; Hutley, Lindsay B.; Laubach, Johannes; Niel, Tom Van; Arndt, Stefan K.; Bennett, Alison C.; Cernusak, Lucas A.; Eamus, Derek; Ewenz, Cäcilia; Goodrich, Jordan P.; Jiang, Mingkai; Hinko‐Najera, Nina; Isaac, Peter; Hobeichi, Sanaa; Knauer, Jürgen; Liddell, Michael J.; Ma, Xuanlong; Macfarlane, Craig; McHugh, Ian; Medlyn, Belinda E.; Meyer, Wayne S.; Norton, Alexander; Owens, Jyoteshna; Pitman, A. J.; Pendall, Elise; Prober, Suzanne M.; Ray, Ram L.; Restrepo‐Coupe, Natalia; Rifai, Sami W.; Rowlings, David; Schipper, Louis A.; Silberstein, Richard; Teckentrup, Lina; Thompson, Sally; Ukkola, Anna M.; Wall, Aaron M.; Wang, Ying‐Ping; Wardlaw, Tim; Woodgate, William

doi:10.1111/gcb.16141

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 230 publications

(417 reference statements)

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“…The Sixth Scientific Assessment Report, issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), notes that global climate change, caused by human activities and extreme weather and climate events, and the resultant sustained warming that has ensued in various locations, will cause more frequent and serious extreme events [1]. Compound events are generally more threatening to humans and the ecological environment than a single climate event [2,3]. In particular, compound droughts and heatwaves (CDHWs) have attracted increased attention in recent years [4][5][6][7], due to the significant impact that they can have upon society and the environment [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Compound Droughts and Heatwaves in a Double Pack in Central Asia

Wang

Chen

et al. 2022

Remote Sensing

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Compound droughts and heatwaves (CDHWs) are likely to cause more severe natural disasters than a single extreme event, and they have been exacerbated by rapid global warming. Based on high-resolution grid data, this study combines the daily-scale ERA5-Land dataset and the monthly-scale SPEI dataset with multiple indicators to analyze CDHWs. We calculated and analyzed the temporal and spatial modal distribution of CDHWs in Central Asia from 1981 to 2018, and in this paper, we discuss the sequence relationship between drought events, heatwave events, and CDHWs. The results show that the number of CDHWs in the study region have increased over time and expanded in terms of area, especially in eastern and southwestern Central Asia. The tsum (total frequency of CDHWs) was 0.5 times higher than the total heatwave frequency and it increased at a rate of 0.17/yr. The maximum duration of tmax (maximum duration of CDHWs in days) was 17 days. Furthermore, the occurrence rate of tmax was 96.67%, and the AH (CDHWs’ accumulated heat) had a rate of 97.78%, which, upon examination of the spatial trend pattern, accounted for the largest increase in terms of area. We also found that the TAH (CDHWs’ average temperature anomalies, SPEI < −0.5) shows obvious seasonality, with the increases in winter and spring being significantly greater than the increases in summer and autumn. The intensity of the CDHWs was stronger than that of a single extreme event, the temperature anomaly was higher than the average of 0.4–0.8 °C, and there was a north–south spatial pattern across the study region. In eastern and northwestern Central Asia, the AH and heatwaves (SPEI < −0.5) increased by 15–30 times per year on average. During the transition from the base period to the reference period, CDHWs increased by 25%, and the number of dry days prior to the CDHWs decreased by 7.35 days. The conclusion of our study can provide a theoretical basis for coping with climate change in arid zones.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Compound Droughts and Heatwaves in a Double Pack in Central Asia

Wang

Chen

et al. 2022

Remote Sensing

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“…The increase in the magnitude of NEE at this site is not smooth, but rather a larger jump from a range around −200 to −300 g C m −2 yr −1 to one closer to −500 g C m −2 yr −1 , which Keenan et al (2012) demonstrated is difficult to capture in models and not easily accounted for in carbon stock changes. A recent study from Beringer et al (2022) notes a few long-term (>20 years) Australian tower sites records, including a temperate mixed Eucalypt forest (AU-Tum) and a tropical savanna (AU-How). These sites experienced increasing water use efficiency with time in response to rising CO 2 and significant resilience in carbon uptake post-disturbance.…”

Section: Annual To Decadal Variability In Northern Forests and Wetlandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers of Decadal Carbon Fluxes Across Temperate Ecosystems

et al. 2022

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Long‐running eddy covariance flux towers provide insights into how the terrestrial carbon cycle operates over multiple timescales. Here, we evaluated variation in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) across the Chequamegon Ecosystem‐Atmosphere Study AmeriFlux core site cluster in the upper Great Lakes region of the USA from 1997 to 2020. The tower network included two mature hardwood forests with differing management regimes (US‐WCr and US‐Syv), two fen wetlands with varying levels of canopy sheltering and vegetation (US‐Los and US‐ALQ), and a very tall (400 m) landscape‐level tower (US‐PFa). Together, they provided over 70 site‐years of observations. The 19‐tower Chequamegon Heterogenous Ecosystem Energy‐balance Study Enabled by a High‐density Extensive Array of Detectors 2019 campaign centered around US‐PFa provided additional information on the spatial variation of NEE. Decadal variability was present in all long‐term sites, but cross‐site coherence in interannual NEE in the earlier part of the record became weaker with time as non‐climatic factors such as local disturbances likely dominated flux time series. Average decadal NEE at the tall tower transitioned from carbon source to sink to near neutral over 24 years. Respiration had a greater effect than photosynthesis on driving variations in NEE at all sites. Declining snowfall offset potential increases in assimilation from warmer springs, as less‐insulated soils delayed start of spring green‐up. Higher CO2 increased maximum net assimilation parameters but not total gross primary productivity. Stand‐scale sites were larger net sinks than the landscape tower. Clustered, long‐term carbon flux observations provide value for understanding the diverse links between carbon and climate and the challenges of upscaling these responses across space.

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“…For the first phase of RECCAP (RECCAP‐1), a carbon budget for Australia was produced for the period 1990–2011 (Haverd et al., 2013). Other studies have addressed components of the role and dynamics of Australia and New Zealand's biospheric fluxes (Baisden et al., 2001; Beringer et al., 2022; Haverd et al., 2016; Roxburgh et al., 2004; Tate et al., 2000; Teckentrup et al., 2021; Trotter et al., 2004; Trudinger et al., 2016; Wang & Barrett, 2003). In addition, recent studies have provided estimates of the net carbon balance of these countries based on global and regional atmospheric inversions (Byrne et al., 2023; Steinkamp et al., 2017; Villalobos et al., 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Assessment of Anthropogenic and Natural Sources and Sinks of Australasia's Carbon Budget

Villalobos,

Canadell,

Keller

et al. 2023

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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Regional carbon budget assessments attribute and track changes in carbon sources and sinks and support the development and monitoring the efficacy of climate policies. We present a comprehensive assessment of the natural and anthropogenic carbon (C‐CO2) fluxes for Australasia as a whole, as well as for Australia and New Zealand individually, for the period from 2010 to 2019, using two approaches: bottom‐up methods that integrate flux estimates from land‐surface models, data‐driven models, and inventory estimates; and top‐down atmospheric inversions based on satellite and in situ measurements. Our bottom‐up decadal assessment suggests that Australasia's net carbon balance was close to carbon neutral (−0.4 ± 77.0 TgC yr−1). However, substantial uncertainties remain in this estimate, primarily driven by the large spread between our regional terrestrial biosphere simulations and predictions from global ecosystem models. Within Australasia, Australia was a net source of 38.2 ± 75.8 TgC yr−1, and New Zealand was a net CO2 sink of −38.6 ± 13.4 TgC yr−1. The top‐down approach using atmospheric CO2 inversions indicates that fluxes derived from the latest satellite retrievals are consistent within the range of uncertainties with Australia's bottom‐up budget. For New Zealand, the best agreement was found with a national scale flux inversion estimate based on in situ measurements, which provide better constrained of fluxes than satellite flux inversions. This study marks an important step toward a more comprehensive understanding of the net CO2 balance in both countries, facilitating the improvement of carbon accounting approaches and strategies to reduce emissions.

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Bridge to the future: Important lessons from 20 years of ecosystem observations made by the OzFlux network

Cited by 19 publications

References 230 publications

Increased Compound Droughts and Heatwaves in a Double Pack in Central Asia

Increased Compound Droughts and Heatwaves in a Double Pack in Central Asia

Drivers of Decadal Carbon Fluxes Across Temperate Ecosystems

A Comprehensive Assessment of Anthropogenic and Natural Sources and Sinks of Australasia's Carbon Budget

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