Brevetoxin Concentrations in Marine Aerosol: Human Exposure Levels During a Karenia brevis Harmful Algal Bloom

Pierce, Richard H.; Henry, Michael S.; Blum, Patricia; Lyons, J.; Cheng, Yung Sung; Yazzie, D.; Zhou, Yue

doi:10.1007/s00128-002-0170-y

Cited by 106 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…the route of uptake of these toxins in humans is mainly via ingestion (oral) but can also be absorbed due to dermal and respiratory exposure. the latter route may have importance for fishermen and coastal populations, possibly affecting the development and progression of airway and lung diseases (Backer et al, 2003;Baden et al, 1995;Cheng et al, 2005;Fleming et al, 2001bFleming et al, , 2005Morris et al, 1991;Music et al, 1973;Pierce et al, 2003;Kirkpatrick et al, 2004;Asai et al, 1982;Baden, 1983;Singer et al, 1998).…”

Section: A Primer On Marine Biotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A roadmap for hazard monitoring and risk assessment of marine biotoxins on the basis of chemical and biological test systems

Daneshian

2013

ALTEX

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Summary Aquatic food accounts for over 40% of global animal food products, and the potential contamination with toxins of algal origin -marine biotoxins -poses a health threat for consumers. The gold standards to assess toxins in aquatic food have traditionally been in vivo methodssingle marine biotoxins or combinations of marine biotoxins and intoxication symptomatology as well as monitoring the "success" of controls implemented during fishery and aquaculture production, processing, and retailing. For this reason, a workshop was organized in ermatingen, Switzerland by the Center for Alternatives to Animal testing -europe (CAAteurope) within the framework of the transatlantic think tank for toxicology (t 4 ).In contrast to other food products where hygiene and potential contamination with microbes or mold toxins is the prime issue, the emphasis in aquatic products (shellfish and finfish) is, beyond viral and bacterial contaminations, primarily placed on potential contamination with marine biotoxins owing to the numerous and recurring human intoxications.The gold standards to assess toxins in aquatic food have traditionally been in vivo methods, i.e., the mouse and the rat bioassays. Besides the ethical issues of in vivo bioassays there are specific difficulties, e.g., different exposure route (i.p. versus oral), low inter-species comparability, high intra-species variability, and questionable extrapolation of quantitative risk to humans, thus highlighting the need for the development of more reliable detection and quantification methods. Based on this reasoning, the european Food Safety Authority (eFSA) advocates the use of an analytical method, i.e., LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography coupled Mass Spectrometry), as a substitute for in vivo bioassays for almost all classes of marine toxins. However, although lC-MS is a very sensitive method that has the advantages of being able to detect multiple toxins in a single analysis and being good for confirming the identity of toxins, the quality of quantitative analysis is dependent on the availability of calibration standards. While many new toxin structural analogues have been detected and identified using LC-MS, this technique -as with most other methods -is not good at detecting new toxin types. When new toxin analogues are detected but accurate standards are not yet available, only an approximate quantitation is possible using estimated response factors.For the purpose of risk assessment of food, however, it is imperative to focus on the possible adverse effects, independent of whether they stem from one toxin or a combination of toxins. As toxicity is defined by functional and structural changes of biological systems, the development of a human-relevant in vitro system for appropriate risk assessment of marine biotoxins in seafood stands to reason. Moreover, poor correlation of human intoxications, of acute symptomatology and long-term adverse effects, and of predictive in vitro, in vivo, and analytical detection methodologies of marine biotoxins stems not least from a...

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Section: A Primer On Marine Biotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a more atypical setting, human adverse effects from Btx can also be incurred via the inhalation of aerosolized dinoflagellates containing Btx as can occur during red tides as reported from the Florida and texas coasts (Backer et al, 2003;Cheng et al, 2005;Fleming et al, 2005;Pierce et al, 2005Pierce et al, , 2003.…”

Section: Cyclic Imine Poisoning (Cip)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A roadmap for hazard monitoring and risk assessment of marine biotoxins on the basis of chemical and biological test systems

Daneshian

2013

ALTEX

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“…The toxicity of K. brevis originates from the lipid-soluble brevetoxin that resides inside the cell (Nakanishi, 1985). Blooms may result in extensive fish kills, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, marine mammal mortalities and human respiratory irritation from the release of aerosolized toxin (Van Dolah et al, 1998;Kirkpatrick et al, 2001Kirkpatrick et al, , 2004Pierce et al, 2003). The economic consequences are serious and range from the closure of shellfish beds and fisheries to loss of tourism revenues in coastal communities throughout the region (Buskey et al, 1996;Kusek et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photopigment radiolabelling as a tool for determiningin situgrowth rates of the toxic dinoflagellateKarenia brevis(Dinophyceae)

Richardson

Pinckney

Walker

et al. 2006

European Journal of Phycology

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Determination of growth rates of harmful algae is critical to understanding bloom dynamics. However, we have few reliable methods of directly determining in situ growth rates on natural populations. One available method is photopigment radiolabelling, where C-specific growth rates are based on synthesis rates of chlorophylls and carotenoids using 14 C-bicarbonate as a tracer. Here, we examined radiolabelling of the biomarker pigment gyroxanthin-diester as a tool for determining in situ growth rates of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. We also characterized growth responses of K. brevis to various nitrogenous (N) nutrient sources and the presence or absence of a natural plankton community (including grazers) at two irradiances. We found that gyroxanthin radiolabelling may be used successfully to determine C-specific growth rates of K. brevis during monospecific blooms. However, the approach may be of limited use in mixed assemblages when there is low Karenia biomass because low concentrations of gyroxanthin per cell and low turnover rates result in poor signal for the gyroxanthin pigment. Growth rates of K. brevis generally ranged between 0.1 and 0.4 d À1 . Cells in batch culture grew equally well on inorganic and organic forms of N, so they may be physiologically capable of using the major N forms present in agricultural run-off, atmospheric deposition, and other anthropogenic inputs. This has implications for the control of K. brevis blooms in nutrient-impacted coastal waters in that organic N inputs should be considered (along with inorganic N) in nutrient management strategies. Our highest C-specific growth rates (0.7 d À1 ) were measured in the presence of microzooplankton grazers, also indicating that the release of dissolved compounds may play a role in stimulating the growth of K. brevis in nature.

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“…Although the biochemical and neurophysiologic actions of the brevetoxins in regard to neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) are well documented (Baden 1989), little is known of the human health effects from environmental exposures that occur when brevetoxins are aerosolized by the wind and surf, as occurs during onshore winds. Concentrations of marine aerosols of brevetoxins-2 and 3 on affected beaches have been reported in the range of 10-100 ng/m 3 (Backer et al 2003;Pierce et al 2003). Recently, Backer et al (2003) documented respiratory-tract symptoms associated with recreational exposures to brevetoxins during a typical red tide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cochlear function in mice following inhalation of brevetoxin-3

et al. 2005

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Brevetoxin-3 was shown previously to adversely affect central auditory function in goldfish. The present study evaluated the effects of exposure to this agent on cochlear function in mice using the 2f 1 -f 2 distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE). Towards this end, inbred CBA/CaJ mice were exposed to a relatively high concentration of brevetoxin-3 (∼400 μg/m 3 ) by nose-only inhalation for a 2-h period. Further, a subset of these mice received a second exposure a day later that lasted for an additional 4 h. Mice exposed only once for 2 h did not exhibit any notable cochlear effects. Similarly, mice exposed two times, for a cumulative dose of 6 h, exhibited essentially no change in DPOAE levels.

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Brevetoxin Concentrations in Marine Aerosol: Human Exposure Levels During a Karenia brevis Harmful Algal Bloom

Cited by 106 publications

References 2 publications

A roadmap for hazard monitoring and risk assessment of marine biotoxins on the basis of chemical and biological test systems

A roadmap for hazard monitoring and risk assessment of marine biotoxins on the basis of chemical and biological test systems

Photopigment radiolabelling as a tool for determiningin situgrowth rates of the toxic dinoflagellateKarenia brevis(Dinophyceae)

Cochlear function in mice following inhalation of brevetoxin-3

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