“…These were mainly wildfowl like Bean Geese Anser fabalis, Snow Geese A. caerulescens, Greater White-fronted Geese A. albifrons, Brent Geese Branta bernicla, or King Eiders Somateria spectabilis nesting in association with Snowy Owls Bubo scandiacus (Summers et al 1994, Tremblay et al 1997, Ebbinge & Spaans 2002, Quinn et al 2003, van Kleef et al 2007, Kharitonov et al 2009, Kharitonov et al 2013. This phenomenon often occurs in years of high lemming abundance, when the number of arctic foxes Alopex lagopus is high (Tremblay et al 1997;Kharitonov et al 2013). Such association with raptors, that maintain a predator-free area around their nests, affects the quality of clutches and breeding success in wildfowl (Tremblay et al 1997;van Kleef et al 2007).…”