Breeding strategy and rearing environment effects on the disease resistance of cultured Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Becker, Leandro Aníbal; Kirkland, M.; Heath, John; Heath, Daniel D.; Dixon, Brian

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.12.010

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Nevertheless, we cannot resolve whether the treatment differences arose from environmental factors or from differences in fish resistance and tolerance. Overall, these results are consistent with previous observations on salmonids [ 33 , 34 , 46 ], and support the idea that progression of certain pathogen- and parasite-induced diseases can be restrained by simple enrichment solutions of the aquaculture environment. It is expected that additional structures provide pathogens with extra surface and hinder the self-cleaning nature of tanks by trapping food and feces [ 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

The effects of environmental enrichment on hatchery-performance, smolt migration and capture rates in landlocked Atlantic salmon

et al. 2021

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Enrichment of rearing environment with natural elements has been suggested to improve the welfare and post-release survival of cultured fish. We studied the combined effects of shelter structures, periodical water flow and water level changes on pre- and post-release performance of critically endangered landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar m. sebago). Relative to standard (plain) rearing tanks, provision of enrichment improved fish condition factor and survival during the first year of rearing when most mortality was attributable to parasitic and bacterial infections. The consequent higher density in enriched tanks probably induced greater growth variation and more dorsal fin damages than found in fish of standard tanks. Possibly this was partly due to the applied changes in water level. Experimentally determined smolt migration tendency at age 3 did not differ, on average, between the rearing groups, but enriched-reared fish showed clearly less variation in total movement activity than standard-reared fish. Experimental angling in earthen ponds did not suggest divergent vulnerability between the differentially reared fish at age 3, but decreased condition during the preceding growth season increased vulnerability to fishing. Based on long-term post-stocking tag returns in large-lake fisheries, fish length at release but not rearing method affected the capture rates of fish released at age 2. When released at age 3 the fish grown in enriched environment had a higher risk to be captured with stationary gears and earlier by hook and line gears compared to standard-reared conspecifics. Earlier time of maximal smolt migration activity was associated with an increased risk of being captured. We suggest that environmental enrichment may modulate growth- and behavior-related qualities that indirectly increased the vulnerability to fishing in natural conditions but not in experimental setting. The favorable effects of enrichment on early survival encourages adopting enriched rearing practices in supportive breeding of landlocked salmon.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

The effects of environmental enrichment on hatchery-performance, smolt migration and capture rates in landlocked Atlantic salmon

et al. 2021

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“…Indeed, heterozygosity in MHC genotype has been associated with better survival in previous studies with Chinook salmon when challenged with infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV, Arkush et al, 2001) and V . anguillarum (Becker et al, 2014). Additionally, heterozygous fry exhibits fewer bacterial infections overall when compared to their homozygous counterparts (Evans & Neff, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To compare genotypes of MHC class II β1 between individuals of each cross, amplification of this gene was carried out using PCR and subsequently sequenced. Primers that were previously validated by Becker et al (2014) to amplify the hypervariable region of MHC class II β1 (exon 2) of Chinook salmon were used for this study. For amplification, the following PCR parameters were used: denaturation at 95°C for 5 min, followed by 25 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 45 s, annealing at 57°C for 30 s and extension at 72°C for 45 s. A final extension at 72°C was carried out for 5 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serum IgM levels in salmonids have been characterized previously in response to bacterial pathogens using ELISAbased assays (Becker et al, 2014;Boesen et al, 1997;Johnson et al, 2004;Semple, Kellendonk, et al, 2018). Though significant differences were observed in Chinook salmon serum IgM previously (Becker et al, 2014), quite often the high variation among individuals masks all but extreme trends. In our study, serum IgM levels did not correspond to survival through a V. anguillarum challenge, limiting predictive power.…”

Section: Ta B L E 3 Mhc Class Iiβ Allelementioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of outbreeding on the immune function and disease status of eight hybrid Chinook salmon crosses after Vibrio anguillarum challenge

Semple

Heath

Filice

et al. 2021

Aquaculture Research

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Aquaculture in North America is currently dominated by Atlantic salmon, but there has been an increasing interest in the production of species native to the Pacific coast.Chinook salmon is relatively new to production; therefore, the selection of appropriate stocks is critical. Often genes from wild populations are incorporated into farmed stocks to avoid performance decreases associated with inbreeding. The present study focuses on assessing the immunological performance of one inbred stock and seven outbred/hybrid crosses after challenge with the marine pathogen, Vibrio anguillarum.Throughout exposure challenge to both pathogen and sterile PBS, significant differences in mortality were observed between crosses. Fish were also assessed for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II β1 genotype, and although particular alleles did not confer resistance, crosses with better survival had more individuals presenting a heterozygous genotype. The stress induced during infection resulted in several individuals presenting signs of Bacterial Kidney Disease (Renibacterium salmoninarum) indicating that chronic co-infection may have contributed to susceptibility. When spleen samples from the highest and lowest performing hybrid crosses were assessed for cytokine and respiratory burst gene expression throughout bacterial challenge, high surviving crosses presented lower expression of inflammatory cytokine transcripts (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα) when compared to low performing crosses. Interestingly, microsatellite analysis revealed no significant differences in inbreeding coefficient or allelic richness between crosses despite observed variation in immune performance.Understanding the impact of outbreeding on the immune function of farmed, and often inbred, Chinook salmon could aid in future development of high-quality aquaculture stocks for this species.

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“…Regardless of the species, individuals that are heterozygous at MH loci are believed to be better protected because the resulting molecules should be able to bind to and present a more extensive collection of antigens [ 112 , 113 ]. In fish, this is supported by heterozygous individuals presenting less infection and/or mortality when challenged with an infectious agent [ 114 , 115 ]. Unlike what has been observed in some terrestrial species [ 116 , 117 , 118 ], specific MH alleles have not yet been shown to consistently predict resistance or susceptibility towards specific pathogens in fish, but perhaps more research is required.…”

Section: Teleostean Immunity: Our Current Understanding Of the Antmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonid Antibacterial Immunity: An Aquaculture Perspective

Semple

Dixon

2020

Biology

Self Cite

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The aquaculture industry is continuously threatened by infectious diseases, including those of bacterial origin. Regardless of the disease burden, aquaculture is already the main method for producing fish protein, having displaced capture fisheries. One attractive sector within this industry is the culture of salmonids, which are (a) uniquely under pressure due to overfishing and (b) the most valuable finfish per unit of weight. There are still knowledge gaps in the understanding of fish immunity, leading to vaccines that are not as effective as in terrestrial species, thus a common method to combat bacterial disease outbreaks is the use of antibiotics. Though effective, this method increases both the prevalence and risk of generating antibiotic-resistant bacteria. To facilitate vaccine design and/or alternative treatment efforts, a deeper understanding of the teleost immune system is essential. This review highlights the current state of teleost antibacterial immunity in the context of salmonid aquaculture. Additionally, the success of current techniques/methods used to combat bacterial diseases in salmonid aquaculture will be addressed. Filling the immunology knowledge gaps highlighted here will assist in reducing aquaculture losses in the future.

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Breeding strategy and rearing environment effects on the disease resistance of cultured Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Cited by 7 publications

References 43 publications

The effects of environmental enrichment on hatchery-performance, smolt migration and capture rates in landlocked Atlantic salmon

The effects of environmental enrichment on hatchery-performance, smolt migration and capture rates in landlocked Atlantic salmon

The impact of outbreeding on the immune function and disease status of eight hybrid Chinook salmon crosses after Vibrio anguillarum challenge

Salmonid Antibacterial Immunity: An Aquaculture Perspective

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