Brechas salariales por autoidentificación indígena y rasgos lingüísticos en México

Abstract

México es un país altamente desigual y el origen étnico-racial es una de las dimensiones que contribuyen a esta desigualdad. Estudios anteriores han analizado las diferencias salariales por origen-étnico racial y rasgos lingüísticos, pero hasta ahora ninguno ha reconocido que la autoidentificación indígena puede llevar a sesgos de selección en el análisis. En este artículo resolvemos este problema mediante la estimación de un modelo con cambio de régimen, el cual estima, en una primera etapa, la selección en la autoidentificación y, en una segunda, dos ecuaciones de los salarios según cómo se autoidentificó el trabajador. El modelo revela que la mayor parte del diferencial en el promedio de los salarios entre aquellos que se identifican como indígenas y aquellos que no se debe al sesgo de selección. A pesar de esto persiste un diferencial que no se explica por las características observadas ni la autoselección de estas subpoblaciones, el cual se podría deber a discriminación. Estos resultados contrastan con descomposiciones de Oaxaca tradicionales en que no se considera el sesgo de selección y apuntan a que la educación es el factor que más contribuye a la desigualdad salarial étnico-racial.

Shades of social mobility: Colorism, ethnic origin and intergenerational social mobility.

“…In particular, how gender interacts with both dimensions, similar to the recent work on labor market outcomes by Paul et al (2022) for the US case. The results from Arceo-Gómez andCampos-Vázquez (2014, 2019) and Campos-Vázquez and Medina-Cortina ( 2018) indicate a gendered gradient in how skin tone serves as a variable upon which inequalities are constructed. This is also something that has been observed in ethnographic work on the subject (Krozer and Urrutia-Gómez, 2021).…”

“…Similarly, Canedo (2019); Cano-Urbina and Mason (2016); Aguilar-Rodriguez et al (2018) and Arceo-Gómez and Torres (2021) find a systematic wage penalty associated with speaking an indigenous tongue. In particular, Arceo-Gómez and Torres (2021) show that the penalty is not to bilingualism but to the indigenous identity associated with one of the languages spoken. These results would suggest that the indigenous population faces higher intergenerational persistence and/or converges to a lower point in the distribution of economic resources, introducing a possible bias to previous estimations on the effect of colorism on social mobility in Mexico.…”

Stratification economics in the land of persistent inequalities

“…In terms of ethnic origin, a robust finding in the literature is the existence of an earnings penalty against indigenous people The different decomposition analyses on this penalty indicate that 40% of it cannot be accrued due to the difference in observable characteristics (Aguilar‐Rodriguez et al, 2018; Canedo, 2019; Cano‐Urbina & Mason, 2016). Furthermore, a recent analysis by Arceo‐Gómez and Torres (2021) shows that this penalization is associated with the person's self‐identification as a member of an indigenous group, not speaking a second language.…”

Shades of social mobility: Colorism, ethnic origin and intergenerational social mobility

“…The evidence on the ethnic wage gap between indigenous and non-indigenous workers suggests that the prevalence of precarity among the indigenous population is at least partially related to a difference in treatment in the labor market (Canedo, 2019;Cano-Urbina and Mason, 2016;Aguilar-Rodriguez, Miranda and Zhu, 2018;Arceo-Gómez and Torres, 2021). In particular, Arceo-Gómez and Torres (2021) show that the penalty is not associated with the languages spoken by the individual but with the ethnic identity of the person. This suggests that in the Mexican stratification regime, ethnicity not only plays a key role in determining the position of a group in the distribution but also, this regime puts the indigenous population at a disadvantageous position.…”