“…These have mostly been imstrumental techniques including chemical ionisation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Davies et al, 1997;Van den Velde et al, 2008), selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) (Davies et al, 1997;Enderby et al, 2009;Turner et al, 2006), laser spectroscopy and laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (LPAS) (Hibbard and Killard, 2011;Lewicki et al, 2011;Navas et al, 2012;Popa et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2011). However, most of the developed instrumental techniques are typically complex, expensive and not suitable for diagnostic application.…”