Breastfeeding in a Global Context: Epidemiology, Impact, and Future Directions

North, Krysten; Gao, Melanie; Allen, Gary L.; Lee, Anne C C

doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.11.017

Cited by 77 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…The protective effect of breastfeeding against childhood AGE is well established [9]. However, few studies have investigated the association between breastfeeding and specific causes of AGE, such as from norovirus and sapovirus infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between breastfeeding, host genetic factors, and calicivirus gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan birth cohort

et al. 2022

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Background Norovirus and sapovirus are important causes of childhood acute gastroenteritis (AGE). Breastfeeding prevents AGE generally; however, it is unknown if breastfeeding prevents AGE caused specifically by norovirus and sapovirus. Methods We investigated the association between breastfeeding and norovirus or sapovirus AGE episodes in a birth cohort. Weekly data on breastfeeding and AGE episodes were captured during the first year of life. Stools were collected from children with AGE and tested by RT-qPCR for norovirus and sapovirus. Time-dependent Cox models estimated associations between weekly breastfeeding and time to first norovirus or sapovirus AGE. Findings From June 2017 to July 2018, 444 newborns were enrolled in the study. In the first year of life, 69 and 34 children experienced a norovirus and a sapovirus episode, respectively. Exclusive breastfeeding lasted a median of 2 weeks, and any breastfeeding lasted a median of 43 weeks. Breastfeeding in the last week did not prevent norovirus (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.62, 1.92) or sapovirus (HR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.82, 1.21) AGE in a given week, adjusting for household sanitation, consumption of high-risk foods, and mother’s and child’s histo-blood group phenotypes. Maternal secretor-positive phenotype was protective against norovirus AGE, whereas child’s secretor-positive phenotype was a risk factor for norovirus AGE. Interpretation Exclusive breastfeeding in this population was short-lived, and no conclusions could be drawn about its potential to prevent norovirus or sapovirus AGE. Non-exclusive breastfeeding did not prevent norovirus or sapovirus AGE in the first year of life. However, maternal secretor-positive phenotype was associated with a reduced hazard of norovirus AGE.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between breastfeeding, host genetic factors, and calicivirus gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan birth cohort

et al. 2022

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“…Nevertheless, the global rate of exclusive breastfeeding was only 38% in 1995 [ 3 ]. High-income countries generally have higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding than low-income countries [ 4 ]. Factors such as insufficient maternal leave, lack of training from hospitals, maternal diseases and psychological problems, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association of Formula Protein Content and Growth in Early Infancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Ren¹,

Li²,

Sun³

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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This systematic review aimed to examine differences in growth outcomes between breastfed infants and infants fed with formula with different protein/energy ratios during the first six months of life. We conducted a systematic review in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Springer databases. Twenty clinical trials qualified for inclusion. We extracted data about the growth outcomes of infants who were exclusive breastfed or exclusively infant formula fed in the first six months and used a meta-analysis to pool the finding data. We categorized study formulas into four groups according to their protein content: <1.8, 1.8–2.0, 2.1–2.2, and >2.2 g/100 kcal. In the first month of life, growth was not different between formula- and breastfed infants. During 2–3 months of life, growth was faster in infants who consumed formulas with protein contents higher than 2.0 g/100 kcal. After 3 months, formula-fed infants grew faster than breastfed infants. Our meta-analysis indicated that the growth outcomes of infants fed with infant formula with a relatively low protein/energy ratios, compared with that a relatively high protein/energy ratio, were close to those of breastfed infants.

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“…In Chile there is a reported prevalence of EBF of 69.5% and in Ecuador a prevalence of 62.9% [ 27 , 28 ]. The prevalence of EBF in the population studied would be on track to reach the WHO’s global goal, which is to increase coverage to >70% by 2030 [ 10 ]. The higher prevalence of EIBF and EBF found compared to other countries of the region could be explained by the temporal difference with previous studies, which would influence a greater coverage of early breastfeeding immediately after delivery and the greater education of health personnel about the benefits of EBF and EIBF, that has been promoted worldwide and also because, in recent years, the Peruvian Ministry of Health is reinforcing and protocolizing technical guides of EBF [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the global prevalence in 2018 of early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) within the first hour and EBF up to 6 months was 48% and 44%, respectively [ 9 ]. Therefore, both indicators were below the objective of global sustainable development, a goal that is expected to reach at least 70% by 2030 [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Associated with Adequate Breastfeeding: Evidence from the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey, 2019

Yamunaque-Carranza

Medina-Ramirez

Mamani-García

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Objective: To assess the factors associated with adequate breastfeeding (ABF) among Peruvian mothers during 2019. Materials and Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of the 2019 Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) database of Peru. ABF was defined based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization, which defined it as starting breastfeeding within the first hour of life and continuing with exclusive breastfeeding for up to 6 months. To determine the factors associated with ABF, a Poisson generalized linear models with log-link function was used. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Results: A prevalence of ABF of 48.1% was identified among 11,157 women who reported at least one child in the last five years. Most of them were young (68.6%) and lived in urban areas (65.5%). Furthermore, being unemployed (aPR:1.02; 95% CI:1.00–1.04); residing on the coast, except for Metropolitan Lima (aPR:1.08; 95% CI:1.04–1.11), the highlands (aPR:1.14; 95% CI:1.11–1.18), and the jungle (aPR:1.20; 95% CI: 1.16–1.24); having had a vaginal delivery (aPR:1.30; 95% CI:1.27–1.05); and having two children (aPR:1.03; 95% CI:1.01–1.05) or three or more children (aPR:1.03; 95% CI:1.01–1.05) were associated with a higher frequency of ABF. Conclusions: One out of two women between 18–59 with children performed ABF. The factors associated with ABF were the current occupation, region of residence, type of delivery, and parity. Health policies and strategies should be implemented, considering our results, to promote maternal counseling by health personnel in order to increase the prevalence of ABF in the Peruvian population.

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Breastfeeding in a Global Context: Epidemiology, Impact, and Future Directions

Cited by 77 publications

References 47 publications

Association between breastfeeding, host genetic factors, and calicivirus gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan birth cohort

Association between breastfeeding, host genetic factors, and calicivirus gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan birth cohort

The Association of Formula Protein Content and Growth in Early Infancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Factors Associated with Adequate Breastfeeding: Evidence from the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey, 2019

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