Breastfeeding-Associated Hypernatremia

Lavagno, Camilla; Camozzi, Pietro; Renzi, Samuele; Lava, Sebastiano A. G.; Simonetti, Giacomo D.; Bianchetti, Mario G.; Milani, Gregorio P.

doi:10.1177/0890334415613079

Cited by 52 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 90 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This finding might be related to the breastfeeding experience, which has been suggested to affect successful lactation. 6 , 16 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 4 , 5 Following recognition of breastfeeding being associated with hypernatremia, a potential life-threatening condition for infants, the association of maternal adverse psychosocial characteristics and high breast milk Na concentrations has started to be examined. 6 Previous maternal psychiatric morbidity, postnatal state anxiety, the perception of having a poor relationship with their mother, and the belief of being unsuitable to be a mother have been suggested to be more common in women who had higher than expected Na concentrations in their breast milk compared with controls. 4 Additionally, Flores-Quijano et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Do mothers with high sodium levels in their breast milk have high depression and anxiety scores?

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the possible association of high breast milk sodium levels with postpartum depression and anxiety.MethodsA total of 150 mothers and their healthy, exclusively breastfed newborns aged 8 to 15 days were recruited. Mothers were asked to complete scales for evaluation of postnatal depression and anxiety following an interview for consent and sociodemographic data collection. Breast milk samples were obtained to measure sodium and potassium (K) levels.ResultsForty-nine mothers had higher than expected breast milk Na concentrations and a high Na/K ratio. These mothers scored significantly higher on the scales of postnatal depression and state anxiety (P = 0.018 and P = 0.048, respectively).ConclusionsThis study shows that compared to normal breast milk Na levels and Na/K ratio, high breast milk Na and high Na/K ratio, with possible serious consequences in infants, are associated with maternal depressive and anxious symptoms in the postpartum period.

show abstract

“…This finding might be related to the breastfeeding experience, which has been suggested to affect successful lactation. 6 , 16 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do mothers with high sodium levels in their breast milk have high depression and anxiety scores?

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Breastmilk sodium level is slightly increased in these cases. However, breastfeeding-associated hypernatremia is not a form of salt poisoning secondary to salt-rich breastmilk [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Chloride Deficiency Syndrome: Pathophysiology, History, and Systematic Literature Review

et al. 2020

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Metabolic alkalosis may develop as a consequence of urinary chloride (and sodium) wasting, excessive loss of salt in the sweat, or intestinal chloride wasting, among other causes. There is also a likely underrecognized association between poor salt intake and the mentioned electrolyte and acid–base abnormality. In patients with excessive loss of salt in the sweat or poor salt intake, the maintenance of metabolic alkalosis is crucially modulated by the chloride–bicarbonate exchanger pendrin located on the renal tubular membrane of type B intercalated cells. In the late 1970s, recommendations were made to decrease the salt content of foods as part of an effort to minimize the tendency towards systemic hypertension. Hence, the baby food industry decided to remove added salt from formula milk. Some weeks later, approximately 200 infants (fed exclusively with formula milks with a chloride content of only 2–4 mmol/L), were admitted with failure to thrive, constipation, food refusal, muscular weakness, and delayed psychomotor development. The laboratory work-up disclosed metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and a reduced urinary chloride excretion. In all cases, both the clinical and the laboratory features remitted in ≤7 days when the infants were fed on formula milk with a normal chloride content. Since 1982, 13 further publications reported additional cases of dietary chloride depletion. It is therefore concluded that the dietary intake of chloride, which was previously considered a “mendicant” ion, plays a crucial role in acid–base and salt balance.

show abstract

“…Hypernatremia/hyperbilirubinemia when extreme are neurotoxic. Inadequate fluid intake in immature infants and those primarily breast fed is contributory [46,47]. Kernicterus selectively damages the globus pallidus and subthalamic nuclei [8,48]; hazardous hyperbilirubinemia is often preventable; health care professional compliance with best practices for screening, phototherapy and related treatment is required [49,50].…”

Section: Predisposing Factors For Brain Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis and Prevention of Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury

Macnab¹

2021

Advancement and New Understanding in Brain Injury

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Recent advances in the clinical management of at-risk pregnancy and care of the newborn have reduced morbidity and mortality among sick neonates, and improved our knowledge of factors that influence the risks of brain injury. In parallel, the refinement of imaging techniques has added to the ability of clinicians to define the etiology, timing and location of pathologic changes with diagnostic and prognostic relevance to the developing fetus and newborn infant. Abnormalities of brain growth, or injury to the developing brain can occur during pregnancy; during labor and delivery, hypoxia, acidosis and ischemia pose major risks to the fetus. Defined practices for the management of pregnancy and delivery, and evidence-based strategies for care in the newborn period are influencing outcome. However, newborn infants, especially those born prematurely, remain at risk from situations that can cause or worsen brain injury. The literature reviewed here explains the mechanisms and timing of injury, and the importance of hypoxia, ischemia, hypotension and infection; describes current diagnostic strategies, neuroimaging technologies and care entities available; and outlines approaches that can be used to prevent or mitigate brain injury. Some show particular promise, and all are relevant to lowering the incidence and severity of brain damage.

show abstract

Breastfeeding-Associated Hypernatremia

Cited by 52 publications

References 90 publications

Do mothers with high sodium levels in their breast milk have high depression and anxiety scores?

Do mothers with high sodium levels in their breast milk have high depression and anxiety scores?

Dietary Chloride Deficiency Syndrome: Pathophysiology, History, and Systematic Literature Review

Pathogenesis and Prevention of Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About