Breastfeeding and maternal and infant iodine nutrition

Azizi, Fereidoun; Smyth, P. P. A.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03442.x

Cited by 178 publications

(162 citation statements)

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“…The SD of the requirements was calculated using the CV of the requirements and the EAR; the CV was 12·5 % for Zn (25) , 20 % for vitamin A, 15 % for niacin, 10 % for vitamins C, B 6 and B 12 , thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate (28) and Ca (24) , and 30 % for Fe (20) . The probability of adequacy (PA) was calculated for each nutrient, ranging from 0 to 1, and an overall mean PA (MPA) was calculated by averaging the PA values across the eleven nutrients for each individual.…”

Section: Dietary Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The adequacy of the micronutrient intake was assessed using the WHO/FAO (2004) Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) for vitamins A, C, B 6 and B 12 , folate, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and Fe (4) . For Ca, the Institute of Medicine EAR from 2011 was used (24) , and for Zn we used the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group EAR for a mixed or refined diet, assuming 34 % bioavailability (25) .…”

Section: Dietary Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During lactation, women have increased requirements for energy and micronutrients (3,4) . An inadequate maternal intake of certain nutrients during this period may have consequences for both the mother's health and nutritional status, as well as those of the breast-fed infant (5)(6)(7) . The breast-milk levels of some micronutrients vary with the mother's own stores and dietary intake; the nutrients most affected by low maternal intake and stores are thiamin, riboflavin, vitamins A, D, B 6 , B 12 , Se and iodine (5)(6)(7)(8) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low dietary diversity and micronutrient adequacy among lactating women in a peri-urban area of Nepal

Henjum

Torheim

Thorne‐Lyman

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: The main objectives were to assess the adequacy of the micronutrient intakes of lactating women in a peri-urban area in Nepal and to describe the relationships between micronutrient intake adequacy, dietary diversity and sociodemographic variables. Design: A cross-sectional survey was performed during [2008][2009]. We used 24 h dietary recall to assess dietary intake on three non-consecutive days and calculated the probability of adequacy (PA) of the usual intake of eleven micronutrients and the overall mean probability of adequacy (MPA). A mean dietary diversity score (MDDS) was calculated of eight food groups averaged over 3 d. Multiple linear regression was used to identify the determinants of the MPA. Setting: Bhaktapur municipality, Nepal. Subjects: Lactating women (n 500), 17-44 years old, randomly selected. Results: The mean usual energy intake was 8464 (SD 1305) kJ/d (2023 (SD 312) kcal/d), while the percentage of energy from protein, fat and carbohydrates was 11 %, 13 % and 76 %, respectively. The mean usual micronutrient intakes were below the estimated average requirements for all micronutrients, with the exception of vitamin C and Zn. The MPA across eleven micronutrients was 0·19 (SD 0·16). The diet was found to be monotonous (MDDS was 3·9 (SD 1·0)) and rice contributed to about 60 % of the energy intake. The multiple regression analyses showed that MPA was positively associated with energy intake, dietary diversity, women's educational level and socioeconomic status, and was higher in the winter. Conclusions: The low micronutrient intakes are probably explained by low dietary diversity and a low intake of micronutrient-rich foods. Keywords Dietary diversity Micronutrient adequacyLactating women Peri-urban NepalBreast-feeding is one of the most important factors that can influence child health in low-and middle-income countries (1,2) . During lactation, women have increased requirements for energy and micronutrients (3,4)

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Section: Dietary Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dietary Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low dietary diversity and micronutrient adequacy among lactating women in a peri-urban area of Nepal

Henjum

Torheim

Thorne‐Lyman

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

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“…Iodine is limited in early infancy prior to thyroid maturation, and milk exhibits high daily variation even in well-nourished populations. Moreover, it is poorly stored in maternal tissue (Ahmed et al 2008;Azizi and Smyth 2009). Efé mothers may buffer threats to their young by sharing lowcost microbiota and indefensible nutrients, smoothing offspring access to immunological and developmental resources.…”

Section: Allonursing As Preventative Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Allomaternal Nursing in Humans

Hewlett

Winn²

2014

Current Anthropology

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Few studies exist of allomaternal nursing in humans. It is relatively common among some cultures, such as the Aka and Efé hunter-gatherers of the Congo Basin, but it does not occur in other foragers such as the !Kung and Hadza of Southern and East Africa. This paper utilizes focal follow observations of Aka and Efé infants, interviews with Aka mothers, ethnographic reports from researchers working with hunter-gatherers, and a survey of the eHRAF cultures to try to answer the following questions: how often does allomaternal nursing occur, who provides it, and under what contexts does it take place? The study indicates that it occurs in many cultures (93% of cultures with data) but that it is normative in relatively few cultures; biological kin, especially grandmothers, frequently provide allomaternal nursing and that infant age, mother's condition, and culture (e.g., cultural models about if and when women other than the mother can nurse an infant or colostrum taboos) impact the nature and frequency of allomaternal nursing. The empirical results of this exploratory study are discussed in the context of existing hypotheses used to explain allomaternal nursing.Anthropologists have conducted several studies of breastfeeding from a variety of perspectives (Fouts, Hewlett, and Lamb 2012;Gottlieb 2004;Sellen 2007) and have occasionally described allomaternal nursing, that is, women other than mother nursing infants, but quantitative studies on the topic do not exist. Nutritional and health benefits of breast-feeding for mothers and infants are well documented (see American Academy of Pediatrics [2005] and Field [2005] for reviews), but what about infants who are breast-fed by women other than mother? Lactation is energetically costly, and allomaternal nursing may increase pathogen transmission between mothers and other infants. La Leche League, a global organization that promotes and assists women with breast-feeding, discourages both wet nursing (nursing another woman's infant, often for pay) and cross-nursing (the occasional nursing of another woman's infant while the mother continues to nurse her own child, often in a child-care situation), because the other women may transmit infectious diseases to the infant or cause the infant to be psychologically confused (Lawrence and Lawrence 2011;Minami 1995). Exceptions exist if the mother has health or other issues that lead to breast-feeding difficulties. 1 Allomaternal nursing occurs in many cultures. Our review of cultures in the electronic Human Relations Area Files (eHRAF), a digital database of 258 cultures from around the world, found that it existed in 97 of 104 cultures with ethnographic data about Barry S. Hewlett is a Professor in the Department of Anthropology of Washington State University, Vancouver (Vancouver, Washington 98686, U.S.A. [hewlett@vancouver.wsu.edu]). Steve Winn is Senior Vice President at the Behavioral Health Network (417 Liberty Street, Springfield, Massachusetts 01104, U.S.A.). This paper was submitted 8 VI 11, accepted 18 I 13, and ele...

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“…The nutritional status of mothers should be evaluated during breastfeeding because it can affect the composition of the breast milk. It is particularly important for breastfeeding mothers to eat a well-balanced diet (Azizi & Smyth, 2009). Deficiencies of iron and other minerals have been shown to have immunological and biochemical effects.…”

Section: Maternal Pathophysiological Characteristics and Breastfeedinmentioning

confidence: 99%