Breast milk is conditionally perfect

Erick, Miriam

doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2017.12.020

Cited by 58 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…3 Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was calculated with measured height at 28-50 days postpartum and pre-pregnancy weight. 4 Due to missing data, n = 95. 5 Due to missing data, n = 44.…”

Section: Participants and Hmos Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profile Variation Throughout Postpartum in Healthy Women in a Brazilian Cohort

Ferreira¹,

Alves²,

Figueiredo³

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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Human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) composition varies throughout lactation and can be influenced by maternal characteristics. This study describes HMO variation up to three months postpartum and explores the influences of maternal sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics in a Brazilian prospective cohort. We followed 101 subjects from 28–35 gestational weeks (baseline) and throughout lactation at 2–8 (visit 1), 28–50 (visit 2) and 88–119 days postpartum (visit 3). Milk samples were collected at visits 1, 2 and 3, and 19 HMOs were quantified usinghigh-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL). Friedman post-hoc test, Spearman rank correlation for maternal characteristics and HMOs and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) were used to define the HMO profile. Most women were secretors (89.1%) and presented high proportion of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′FL) at all three sample times, while lacto-N-tetraose (LNT, 2–8 days) and lacto-N-fucopentaose II (LNFPII, 28–50 and 88–119 days) were the most abundant HMOs in non-secretor women. Over the course of lactation, total HMO weight concentrations (g/L) decreased, but total HMO molar concentrations (mmol/L) increased, highlighting differential changes in HMO composition over time. In addition, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and parity influence the HMO composition in healthy women in this Brazilian cohort.

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“…3 Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was calculated with measured height at 28-50 days postpartum and pre-pregnancy weight. 4 Due to missing data, n = 95. 5 Due to missing data, n = 44.…”

Section: Participants and Hmos Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human milk is a conditionally complete food, allowing infants to reach adequate growth and development [1][2][3][4]. The paramount benefits for both mother and child health include reduced risk of breast cancer and diabetes for mothers and lower infectious morbidity and mortality for children [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profile Variation Throughout Postpartum in Healthy Women in a Brazilian Cohort

Ferreira¹,

Alves²,

Figueiredo³

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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“…Recent studies have indicated that iron content in breast milk is low [12][13][14], and prolonged use of breast milk as the main food in infants might increase the risk of ID and IDA [15]. In Taiwan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare promotes the benefits of breastfeeding for a long period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Status of Infants in the First Year of Life in Northern Taiwan

Chen

Shih

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) typically occur in developing countries. Notably, ID and IDA can affect an infant’s emotion, cognition, and development. Breast milk is considered the best food for infants. However, recent studies have indicated that breastfeeding for more than six months increases the risk of ID. This study investigated the prevalence of ID and IDA, as well as the association between feeding type and iron nutritional status in northern Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted on infants who returned to the well-baby clinic for routine examination from October 2012 to January 2014. Overall, 509 infants aged 1–12 months completed the iron nutritional status analysis, anthropometric measurement, and dietary intake assessment, including milk and complementary foods. The results revealed that 49 (10%) and 21 (4%) infants in their first year of life had ID and IDA, respectively, based on the World Health Organization criteria. Breastfed infants had a higher prevalence rate of ID and IDA than mixed-fed and formula-fed infants (p < 0.001). Regarding biomarkers of iron status, plasma hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, and transferrin saturation (%) levels were significantly lower in ID and IDA groups. The prevalence of ID and IDA were 3.7% and 2.7%, respectively, in infants under six months of age, but increased to 20.4% and 6.6%, respectively, in infants above six months of age. The healthy group had a higher total iron intake than ID and IDA groups, mainly derived from infant formula. The total dietary iron intake was positively correlated with infants’ Hb levels. Compared with formula-fed infants, the logistic regression revealed that the odds ratio for ID was 2.157 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.369–3.399) and that for IDA was 4.196 (95% CI: 1.780–9.887) among breastfed infants (p < 0.001) after adjusted for all confounding factors (including gestational week, birthweight, sex, body weight percentile, body length percentile, age of infants, mothers’ BMI, gestational weight gain, education level, and hemoglobin level before delivery). In conclusion, our results determined that breastfeeding was associated with an increased the prevalence of ID and/or IDA, especially in infants above six months. This suggests that mothers who prolonged breastfeed after six months could provide high-quality iron-rich foods to reduce the prevalence of ID and IDA.

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“…18 Citing "breast milk is the perfect food," health care professionals, consumer advocacy groups, and the AAP have been encouraging new mothers to exclusively breastfeed. 19 The benefits of human milk are numerous and include psychological, convenience, economical, ecological, and nutritional superiority, so that exclusively breast fed infants are protected from many illnesses. However, the composition and calorie density of human milk varies enormously.…”

Section: Human Milk Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advocacy in Neonatology

Fanaroff

2019

Amer J Perinatol

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Breast milk is conditionally perfect

Cited by 58 publications

References 69 publications

Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profile Variation Throughout Postpartum in Healthy Women in a Brazilian Cohort

Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profile Variation Throughout Postpartum in Healthy Women in a Brazilian Cohort

Iron Status of Infants in the First Year of Life in Northern Taiwan

Advocacy in Neonatology

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