Breast milk distribution of theobromine from chocolate

Resman, Beth Holly; Blumenthal, H. P.; Jusko, William J.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(77)81329-2

Cited by 48 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Decreased binding in milk relative to serum has been demonstrated for the related methyl xanthines, theophylline (Yurchak and Jusko, 1976), and theobromine (Resman et al, 1977). This would tend to reduce the chances of an infant ingesting toxic amounts of these and other drugs that behave in a similar manner.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Caffeine secretion into breast milk.

Tyrala¹,

Dodson²

1979

Archives of Disease in Childhood

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SUMMARY Serum and milk concentrations of caffeine were measured in 5 breast-feeding mothers after a standardised oral dose of caffeine. Peak concentrations of caffeine in serum and milk were attained 60 minutes later. Binding of caffeine by constituents of serum and breast milk was low (25 and 3 *2 % respectively). In breast milk, caffeine binding is associated with the cream layer, and correlates with the butter fat content. Caffeine does not diffuse freely into breast milk and concentrations in milk are lower than in maternal serum.Most breast-feeding mothers will ingest daily some quantity of caffeine from coffee, tea, or soft drinks. Information about the passage of caffeine from serum into breast milk, however, is limited (Illingworth, 1953). We studied the relationship between serum and milk concentrations of caffeine after the ingestion ofa standardised oral dose. SubjectsFive healthy white women participated in the study. The subjects ranged in ages from 25 to 31 years, weighed 53 1 to 70 kg, and had been nursing their infants for periods of 4 months to one year. The purpose and procedure of the study was explained to each woman and her informed consent obtained. Each was asked to refrain from taking any coffee, tea, or soft drinks in the 24-hour period immediately before the study. MethodsAll studies were done approximately 2 hours after a morning meal. 150 or 300 mg caffeine in the form of caffeine sodium benzoate diluted with approximately 2 oz (60 ml) water was taken by each woman within a 3-min period. Blood and milk were collected at time 0 and at 30, 60, and 120 minutes after taking the caffleine.The caffeine concentrations in serum and breast milk were measured by gas liquid chromatography. 250 V.1 milk and 100 ,ud serum were pipetted into 12 ml conical tubes into which etidocaine, the internal standard, had previously been pipetted and dried. Samples were capped and stored at -200C until analysis. Extraction was carried out by adding 5 ml isopropyl alcohol and chloroform (5:95) to each specimen, mixing for 30 seconds with a Vortex mixer, freezing the aqueous layer by immersion of the tube in a dry ice and acetone bath, and decanting the organic layer. The extraction was repeated, and the organic phases pooled and dried under nitrogen.Each dried extract was redissolved in 50 V-1 chloroform and 2 Fd was injected into the gas chromatograph. A Hewlett-Packard 5830A gas chromatograph was equipped with a flame ionisation detector and a 1I8 m glass column packed with 3 %4 SE-30 on 100-120 Gas Chrom. Q (Applied Science). The initial oven temperature of 1950C was kept for 2 minutes and then it was increased at a rate of 20/min. Injector temperature was 2500C, and the detector temperature 3000C. Nitrogen flow was 35 ml/min. Retention time of caffeine and etidocaine were 3 * 44 and 6 * 8 minutes respectively. Peak height ratios were calculated and compared with drug supplemented standards processed identically for determination of concentrations of caffeine in the samples of milk and serum.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Caffeine secretion into breast milk.

Tyrala¹,

Dodson²

1979

Archives of Disease in Childhood

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“…caffeine 1.2 mL/min/kg and theophylline 0.9 mL/min/kg . Peak concentrations are usually reached within 2-3 hours, plasma protein binding is low (15-25%) with an unbound plasma clearance of 1.4 mL/min/kg (Resman et al, 1977;Lelo et al, 1986). Theobromine's half life is longer than that of caffeine and theophylline and ranges from 7 to 12 hours , Shively et al, 1985, Lelo et al, 1986.…”

Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In four nursing mothers, the consumption of 240 mg theobromine every six hours together with an average breast feeding volume of milk of 1 litre per day was predicted to result in 10 mg or 1-2 mg/kg per day theobromine exposure in the neonate. Such doses are expected to be pharmacologically active (stimulatory effects on the nervous system, diuresis and cardiac muscle, smooth muscle relaxant properties) in most neonates (Resman et al, 1977).…”

Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peak theobromine concentrations of 3.7 to 8.2 mg/L were found in all fluids including breast milk at 2 to 3 hour after ingestion of the chocolate If this amount of chocolate were to be ingested four times a day, it would potentially lead to an exposure of the breast fed infant of about 10 mg theobromine/day (corresponding to 1-2 mg/kg b.w.) (Resman et al, 1977). Such an exposure might result in pharmacologically active theobromine levels since newborn babies and infants have very low CYP1A2 activity (Cresteil, 1998;Renwick et al , 2000;Dorne et al , 2001) and would metabolise theobromine much more slowly than adults.…”

Section: Human Dietary Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Theobromine as undesirable substances in animal feed - Scientific opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

2008

EFSA Journal

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Theobromine (3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-H-purine-2,6-dione) is a colourless and odourless 3,7-dimethylxanthine with a slightly bitter taste naturally present in the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao L.) and its seeds, and consequently in cocoa products and by-products. It is also a metabolite of caffeine in mammals. As a feed material, cocoa pod husk may be used in developing countries where cacao is grown. The cocoa bean shells, cocoa bean meal, cocoa germs and discarded confectionary are used for feed purposes in Europe.1 For citation purposes: Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on theobromine as undesirable substances in animal feed.

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“…In the usual therapeutic dose range, theophylline acts as a weak bilirubin displacer, but giving no reason to avoid it for treatment of newborns with the risk of jaundice (3). Beyond it, also other methylxanthines such as caffeine or theobromine can play some role in perinatal pharmacology, acquired by breast milk, transplacentally or given for central nervous system stimulation (19,21,22).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Theophylline on the Riboflavin-Sensitized Photodegradation of Bilirubin <i>in vitro</i>

Meisel¹,

Amon²,

Hüller³

et al. 1980

Neonatology

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Under in vitro conditions, theophylline accelerates the rate of bilirubin photodestruction sensitized by riboflavin, but does not do so in absence of this dye. The effect depends on the concentrations of theophylline and/or riboflavin, on the bilirubin/albumin ratio, and seems to implicate bilirubin unbound to serum albumin. Possible causes of the theophylline action and clinical implications regarding the phototherapy of neonatal jaundice are discussed.

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Breast milk distribution of theobromine from chocolate

Cited by 48 publications

References 4 publications

Caffeine secretion into breast milk.

Caffeine secretion into breast milk.

Theobromine as undesirable substances in animal feed - Scientific opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

Effect of Theophylline on the Riboflavin-Sensitized Photodegradation of Bilirubin <i>in vitro</i>

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