Breast Milk-Derived Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cells: An Extralymphoid Effector Memory Cell Population in Humans

Sabbaj, Steffanie; Ghosh, Mrinal K.; Edwards, Bradley H.; Leeth, Ruth R.; Decker, W. Don; Goepfert, Paul; Aldrovandi, Grace M.

doi:10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2951

Cited by 80 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Breast milk CD4+ T cells express high levels of CCR5, indicating an activated phenotype [282]. Similarly, milk CD8+ T cells belong to an effector memory population, and express activation markers [284]. Consistent with this, the CD8+ T cells possess CTL function [281], and the relative magnitude of the CTL response is much higher than in blood, suggesting that there is selective transportation of these cells into breast milk [283].…”

Section: Mastitismentioning

confidence: 73%

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Cousins that Take a Long View

Blacklaws

Harkiss²

2010

CHR

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Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) and human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are related retroviruses that cause multisystem disease usually over a long period of time. The viruses show similarities and differences in biological and pathogenic features. The basic retroviral genomic organization is complicated by the presence of a variable number of accessory genes in both viruses, though the structure is more complex in HIV. Both are mucosal pathogens, and infect cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. The main difference in cell tropism is that, unlike HIV, SRLV do not infect lymphocytes. A major feature of both pathogens is restricted replication and virus latency, which are partly responsible for the establishment of chronic infection usually lasting for life. The pathologies observed are similar in the early stages of both infections, and possibly following highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). While the pathogenesis of HIV-induced disease during symptomatic stages is mainly due to secondary infections and neoplastic conditions, the early and post-HAART stages are associated with chronic inflammatory changes that resemble those found in SRLV diseases which are thought to be mediated by anti-virus immune responses.

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Section: Mastitismentioning

confidence: 73%

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Cousins that Take a Long View

Blacklaws

Harkiss²

2010

CHR

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“…From there, they are believed to enter the lumen of alveoli via the paracellular pathway (7). Functional studies have demonstrated differences between breast milk and blood leukocytes, where breast milk T cells and macrophages appear to be more motile than their blood counterparts (57)(58)(59)(60)(61), suggesting a selective migration of leukocytes from the maternal circulation into milk (62) and/or selective alterations of leukocyte properties while in the breast. This may be important for their upcoming transfer to, safety, and/or function in the infant.…”

Section: The Breast Milk Leukocytementioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Cell–Mediated Protection of the Mammary Gland and the Infant during Breastfeeding

Hassiotou

Geddes

2015

Advances in Nutrition

111

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Breastfeeding has been regarded first and foremost as a means of nutrition for infants, providing essential components for their unique growth and developmental requirements. However, breast milk is also rich in immunologic factors, highlighting its importance as a mediator of protection. In accordance with its evolutionary origin, the mammary gland offers via the breastfeeding route continuation of the maternal to infant immunologic support established in utero. At birth, the infant's immune system is immature, and although it was exposed to the maternal microbial flora during pregnancy, it experiences an abrupt change in its microbial environment during and after birth, which is challenging and renders the infant highly susceptible to infection. Active and passive immunity protects the infant via breast milk, which is rich in immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, cytokines, and numerous other immunologic factors, including maternal leukocytes. Breast milk leukocytes provide active immunity and promote development of immunocompetence in the infant. Additionally, it has been speculated that they play a role in the protection of the mammary gland from infection. Leukocytes are thought to exert these functions via phagocytosis, secretion of antimicrobial factors and/or antigen presentation in both the mammary gland and the gastrointestinal tract of the infant, and also in other infant tissues, where they are transported via the systemic circulation. Recently, it has been demonstrated that breast milk leukocytes respond dynamically to maternal as well as infant infections, and are fewer in nonexclusively compared with exclusively breastfeeding dyads, further emphasizing their importance for both the mother and infant. This review summarizes the current knowledge of human milk leukocytes and factors influencing them, and presents recent novel findings supporting their potential as a diagnostic marker for infections of the lactating breast and of the breastfed infant.

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“…67 Breast milk T cells differ both in relative abundance and quality when compared to the T cells found in peripheral blood. 68 The largest proportion of TCD8 + TCRgd + (expressing L-selectin, integrin α4β7, MAdCAM-1) compared with the blood suggests that these cytotoxic T cells (CD8 + ) carry out selective homing from the mucosal immune system to the mammary gland.…”

Section: Breast Milk Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunology of breast milk

Palmeira

Carneiro‐Sampaio

2016

Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.

208

175

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In the critical phase of immunological immaturity of the newborn, particularly for the immune system of mucous membranes, infants receive large amounts of bioactive components through colostrum and breast milk. Colostrum is the most potent natural immune booster known to science. Breastfeeding protects infants against infections mainly via secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies, but also via other various bioactive factors. It is striking that the defense factors of human milk function without causing inflammation; some components are even anti-inflammatory. Protection against infections has been well evidenced during lactation against, e.g., acute and prolonged diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, including otitis media, urinary tract infection, neonatal septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. The milk's immunity content changes over time.In the early stages of lactation, IgA, anti-inflammatory factors and, more likely, immunologically active cells provide additional support for the immature immune system of the neonate. After this period, breast milk continues to adapt extraordinarily to the infant's ontogeny and needs regarding immune protection and nutrition. The need to encourage breastfeeding is therefore justifiable, at least during the first 6 months of life, when the infant's secretory IgA production is insignificant.

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Breast Milk-Derived Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cells: An Extralymphoid Effector Memory Cell Population in Humans

Cited by 80 publications

References 51 publications

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Cousins that Take a Long View

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Cousins that Take a Long View

Immune Cell–Mediated Protection of the Mammary Gland and the Infant during Breastfeeding

Immunology of breast milk

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