Breast milk—a gateway to iodine-dependent brain development

Laurberg, Peter; Andersen, Stine Linding

doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.3

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Consequently, maternal iodine requirements are increased during breastfeeding to provide sufficient amounts for the mother and to also meet the iodine demands of the developing infant, via breast milk. Given that 40%–45% of the iodine ingested by the mother appears in breast milk [6], a maternal iodine intake during breastfeeding of 190 µg/day (Australian Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)) would provide just under the Australian Adequate Intake (AI) of 90 µg/day for infants aged 0–6 months [7]. This is achieved by a physiological response during breastfeeding whereby iodine is strongly concentrated by the lactating mammary gland due to the increased expression of the sodium iodide symporter, the main iodine transporter in lactating breast cells [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Breast Milk Iodine Concentrations in Lactating Women in Western Australia

et al. 2016

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Breast-fed infants may depend solely on an adequate supply of iodine in breast milk for the synthesis of thyroid hormones which are essential for optimal growth and cognitive development. This is the first study to measure breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) among lactating women in Western Australian (n = 55). Breast milk samples were collected between 2014 and 2015 at a mean (±SD) of 38.5 (±5.5) days post-partum. The samples were analysed to determine median BMIC and the percentage of samples with a BMIC < 100 µg/L, a level considered adequate for breast-fed infants. The influence of (a) iodine-containing supplements and iodised salt use and (b) consumption of key iodine-containing foods on BMIC was also examined. The median (p25, p75) BMIC was 167 (99, 248) µg/L and 26% of samples had a BMIC < 100 µg/L. Overall, BMIC tended to be higher with iodine-containing supplement usage (ratio 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.04, 1.70), p = 0.030), cow’s milk consumption (ratio 1.66, 95% CI (1.23, 2.23), p = 0.002) and lower for Caucasians (ratio 0.61, 95% CI (0.45, 0.83), p = 0.002), and those with secondary school only education (ratio 0.66, 95% CI (0.46, 0.96), p = 0.030). For most women, BMIC was adequate to meet the iodine requirements of their breast-fed infants. However, some women may require the use of iodine-containing supplements or iodised salt to increase BMIC to adequate levels for optimal infant nutrition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Breast Milk Iodine Concentrations in Lactating Women in Western Australia

et al. 2016

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“…Mammary gland NIS is not autoregulated by iodine (Laurberg and Andersen, 2014) and urinary iodine excretion is independent from NIS. Mammary gland NIS is not autoregulated by iodine (Laurberg and Andersen, 2014) and urinary iodine excretion is independent from NIS.…”

Section: Effects On Thyroid Iodine Uptakementioning

confidence: 92%

Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of perchlorate in food, in particular fruits and vegetables

2014

EFSA Journal

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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) received a request from the European Commission for a scientific opinion on perchlorate in food, in particular fruits and vegetables. Perchlorate is a contaminant released into the environment from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The use of natural fertilisers and perchlorate contaminated irrigation water may lead to substantial concentrations in leafy vegetables. Water disinfection with chlorinated substances that potentially degrade to perchlorate could be another potential source of contamination. EFSA received analytical results for 11 675 samples submitted by eight Member States, mainly for fruits, vegetables, and fruit and vegetable products. The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) performed estimates of both chronic and 'short-term' exposure considering the available dataset, and data from the literature on the levels of perchlorate in fruit juices, alcoholic beverages, milk, infant formulae and breast milk. The CONTAM Panel established a tolerable daily intake of 0.3 µg/kg body weight per day, based on the inhibition of thyroid iodine uptake in healthy adults. Amongst the vulnerable subpopulations, potential acute effects of perchlorate have been suggested for fetuses and infants. The CONTAM Panel noted that a single acute exposure to perchlorate at levels found in food and water is unlikely to cause adverse effects on human health, including the more vulnerable groups of the population, and concluded that the establishment of an acute reference dose for perchlorate is not warranted. Overall, the

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“…3). The transport of iodide into breast milk leads to changes in iodine metabolism in the breastfeeding mother as 40-45% of her dietary iodine intake is excreted into breast milk [23]. When urinary creatinine concentration was used as a proxy for maternal fluid intake, UIC, but not MIC, was influenced by maternal fluid intake [18].…”

Section: Iodine Supplement Intake and Spot Urine Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine status in Danish pregnant and breastfeeding women including studies of some challenges in urinary iodine status evaluation

Andersen

Sørensen

Krejbjerg

et al. 2015

Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology

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Breast milk—a gateway to iodine-dependent brain development

Cited by 20 publications

References 9 publications

Assessment of Breast Milk Iodine Concentrations in Lactating Women in Western Australia

Assessment of Breast Milk Iodine Concentrations in Lactating Women in Western Australia

Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of perchlorate in food, in particular fruits and vegetables

Iodine status in Danish pregnant and breastfeeding women including studies of some challenges in urinary iodine status evaluation

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