Breast feeding and protection against neonatal sepsis in a high risk population.

Ashraf, Rabia; Jalil, F; Zaman, Shakila; Karlberg, Jpe; Khan, Sayeedur Rahman; Lindblad, B. S.; Hanson, Lars Å.

doi:10.1136/adc.66.4.488

Cited by 131 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…and Camp.vlohacter (4) is related to the specific SIgA antibody levels in the mother's milk. The relevance of milk-mediated protection may be illustrated by the fact that breast-feeding shows a striking protection against the two infections that are among the most common causes of death in early life in a poor community: diarrhea and neonatal septicemia (3,39).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Caloric Supplementation on Selected Milk Protective Factors in Undernourished Guatemalan Mothers

et al. 1993

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Caloric Supplementation on Selected Milk Protective Factors in Undernourished Guatemalan Mothers

et al. 1993

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“…There is also additional evidence linking lack of exclusive breastfeeding with increased risk of earlyonset 520 and late-onset neonatal sepsis. 521 community-based evidence. Our review identified several studies that addressed the issue of impact of breastfeeding practices on perinatal and neonatal outcomes in developing countries.…”

Section: Breastfeedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community-Based Interventions for Improving Perinatal and Neonatal Health Outcomes in Developing Countries: A Review of the Evidence

et al. 2005

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ABSTRACT. Background. Infant and under-5 childhood mortality rates in developing countries have declined significantly in the past 2 to 3 decades. However, 2 critical indicators, maternal and newborn mortality, have hardly changed. World leaders at the United Nations Millennium Summit in September 2000 agreed on a critical goal to reduce deaths of children <5 years by two thirds, but this may be unattainable without halving newborn deaths, which now comprise 40% of all under-5 deaths. Greater emphasis on wide-scale implementation of proven, cost-effective measures is required to save women's and newborns' lives. Approximately 99% of neonatal deaths take place in developing countries, mostly in homes and communities. A comprehensive review of the evidence base for impact of interventions on neonatal health and survival in developingcountry communities has not been reported.Objective. This review of community-based antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal intervention trials in developing countries aimed to identify (1) key behaviors and interventions for which the weight of evidence is sufficient to recommend their inclusion in communitybased neonatal care programs and (2) key gaps in knowledge and priority areas for future research and program learning.Methods. Available published and unpublished data on the impact of community-based strategies and interventions on perinatal and neonatal health status outcomes were reviewed. Evidence was summarized systematically and categorized into 4 levels of evidence based on study size, location, design, and reported impact, particularly on perinatal or neonatal mortality. The evidence was placed in the context of biological plausibility of the intervention; evidence from relevant developed-country studies; health care program experience in implementation; and recommendations from the World Health Organization and other leading agencies.Results. A paucity of community-based data was found from developing-country studies on health status impact for many interventions currently being considered for inclusion in neonatal health programs. However, review of the evidence and consideration of the broader context of knowledge, experience, and recommendations regarding these interventions enabled us to categorize them according to the strength of the evidence base and confidence regarding their inclusion now in programs. This article identifies a package of priority interventions to include in programs and formulates research priorities for advancing the state of the art in neonatal health care.Conclusions. This review emphasizes some new findings while recommending an integrated approach to safe motherhood and newborn health. The results of this study provide a foundation for policies and programs related to maternal and newborn health and emphasizes the importance of health systems research and evaluation of interventions. The review offers compelling support for using research to identify the most effective measures to save newborn lives. It also may facilitate dialogue with policy...

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“…Breast-feeding has been associated with lower rates of a variety of infant illness, such as necrotizing enterocolitis (22), sepsis (23), and respiratory illness (24). In fact, breast milk contains a number of bioactive substances, including enzymes, growth factors, and hormones (25).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Human Breast Milk on Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine Excretion in Infants

et al. 2003

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During the perinatal period, oxidative stress is intimately involved in pathologic processes of serious diseases. Although breast milk contains many antioxidants, it is not clear whether breast milk can act as an antioxidant in infants in vivo. We compared the oxidative stress levels in total of 41 healthy 1-mo-old infants by measuring urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, which is one of the biomarkers of oxidative DNA damage. These infants were divided into four groups according to the type of feeding. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine excretion of the breast-fed group was significantly lower than those of the artificial milk dominant mixed-fed group or the bottle-fed group. Our data suggest that breast milk, not artificial formula, acts as an antioxidant during infancy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be implicated in many pathologic processes such as aging, cancer development, ischemia-reperfusion injury to tissues, and others (1). At birth, the newborn encounters an environment much richer in oxygen than the intrauterine environment, and many asphyxiated or premature infants receive mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen. In addition, antioxidant defense mechanisms that are poorly developed in the neonatal period may be overcome by the generation of excessive ROS (2). Thus, ROS may be deeply involved in serious diseases in premature infants, including necrotizing enterocolitis (3, 4), chronic lung disease (5, 6), retinopathy of prematurity (6), and intraventricular hemorrhage (6).Breast milk contains many antioxidants, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate, and vitamin E (7). It is conceivable that some antioxidants in breast milk may help newborn infants to eliminate ROS. However, it is not clear whether breast milk has antioxidant capacity in infants in vivo.8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is produced by oxidative damage to the nucleoside deoxyguanosine and is subsequently excreted directly into urine. Recently, 8-OHdG has been used as a sensitive marker for oxidative DNA damage (8). In this study, we estimated oxidative stress levels by measuring urinary 8-OHdG excretions in both breast-fed and formula-fed infants to examine the effects of breast milk on the antioxidation in vivo. METHODS Subjects.Spot urine samples were collected from 41 healthy 1-mo-old infants, 23 boys and 18 girls, who attended the regular checkup clinic at Juntendo University affiliated hospitals from January to June 1999. This study was approved by our Institutional Review Board, and informed consent was obtained from their guardians before inclusion in the study. They all were born full term, appropriate for dates, from normal single pregnancies, and free from perinatal complications, including asphyxia, infections, and bleeding.These infants were divided into four groups according to types of feeding. Group 1, the breast-fed group, was defined as receiving Ͼ90% of their intake as breast milk. Group 2, the breast milk dominant mixed-fed group, was defined as receiving 50% to 90% of their intake...

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Breast feeding and protection against neonatal sepsis in a high risk population.

Cited by 131 publications

References 6 publications

The Effect of Caloric Supplementation on Selected Milk Protective Factors in Undernourished Guatemalan Mothers

The Effect of Caloric Supplementation on Selected Milk Protective Factors in Undernourished Guatemalan Mothers

Community-Based Interventions for Improving Perinatal and Neonatal Health Outcomes in Developing Countries: A Review of the Evidence

Effect of Human Breast Milk on Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine Excretion in Infants

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