“…Feature extraction, which is the third stage, is an undoubtedly important task for pattern recognition and is implemented with a remarkable number of techniques in several studies. Specifically, there are statistical techniques [20–25], model-based techniques [26, 27], graph-theoretic approaches [28], and signal processing techniques that compute breast tissue features from pixel characteristics [22, 29] or frequency spectrum [21, 23, 24, 30–32] for breast cancer diagnosis on a mammographic image. Additionally, there are various studies using mammographic features [20, 33–36] like shape, spicule index, contour, size, density, and brightness.…”