Breast cancer in schizophrenia could be interleukin-33-mediated

Abstract

Recent epidemiological and genetic studies have revealed an interconnection between schizophrenia and breast cancer. The mutual underlying pathophysiological mechanisms may be immunologically driven. A new cluster of molecules called alarmins may be involved in sterile brain inflammation, and we have already reported the potential impact of interleukin-33 (IL-33) on positive symptoms onset and the role of its soluble trans-membranes full length receptor (sST2) on amelioration of negative symptoms in schizophrenia genesis. Furthermore, these molecules have already been shown to be involved in breast cancer etiopathogenesis. In this review article, we aim to describe the IL-33/suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) axis as a crossroad in schizophrenia-breast cancer comorbidity. Considering that raloxifene could be tissue-specific and improve cognition and that tamoxifen resistance in breast carcinoma could be improved by strategies targeting IL-33, these selective estrogen receptor modulators could be useful in complementary treatment. These observations could guide further somatic, as well as psychiatric therapeutical protocols by incorporating what is known about immunity in schizophrenia.

The causal relationship of colorectal cancer on schizophrenia: A Mendelian randomization study

“…[1] Recent studies have suggested a possible association between cancer and schizophrenia, although the nature of this relationship is not yet fully understood. [1,2] Research on schizophrenia through genome-wide association studies (GWASs) has uncovered genetic similarities and some immune-related features that overlap with breast carcinoma. [1] Possible factors contributing to this association are shared genetic risk factors and similar lifestyles between the 2 conditions.…”

“…[1] Possible factors contributing to this association are shared genetic risk factors and similar lifestyles between the 2 conditions. [1,3] In addition, certain medications used to treat schizophrenia, such as antipsychotics, have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and colorectal cancer. [3][4][5] However, the evidence for this association is limited and conflicting, [3] and further research is needed to better understand the link between these 2 conditions.…”

“…[1] This condition is identified by its chronic nature, recurrent episodes, and gradual deterioration leading to neurodegeneration over time. [1] Disease onset and clinical manifestation are significantly influenced by genetic predisposition, individual and environmental factors, and specific immune responses. [1] Recent studies have suggested a possible association between cancer and schizophrenia, although the nature of this relationship is not yet fully understood.…”

“…[1] Disease onset and clinical manifestation are significantly influenced by genetic predisposition, individual and environmental factors, and specific immune responses. [1] Recent studies have suggested a possible association between cancer and schizophrenia, although the nature of this relationship is not yet fully understood. [1,2] Research on schizophrenia through genome-wide association studies (GWASs) has uncovered genetic similarities and some immune-related features that overlap with breast carcinoma.…”

“…Schizophrenia is a neurological disorder with a multifaceted pathogenesis and pathophysiology. [ 1 ] This condition is identified by its chronic nature, recurrent episodes, and gradual deterioration leading to neurodegeneration over time. [ 1 ] Disease onset and clinical manifestation are significantly influenced by genetic predisposition, individual and environmental factors, and specific immune responses.…”