Breast cancer in a multi-ethnic Asian setting: Results from the Singapore–Malaysia hospital-based breast cancer registry

Abstract

Two hospital-based breast cancer databases (University Malaya Medical Center, Malaysia [n = 1513] and National University Hospital, Singapore [n = 2545]) were merged into a regional registry of breast cancer patients diagnosed between 1990 and 2007. A review of the data found 51% of patients diagnosed before the age of 50 years. and 72% percent of the women were Chinese followed by Malays (16%), Indians (8%), and other races (4%). Median tumor size at presentation was 26 mm and about 25% of patients presented with TNM stage III or IV disease. Most tumors were of ductal histology (87%). Fifty-seven percent of tumors were estrogen receptor positive and 40% were poorly differentiated. Of those patients who had surgery, 70% had mastectomy while 30% had breast conserving surgery. Overall, chemotherapy was administered to 56% of patients and hormonal treatment to 60%. Five-year overall survival was 82.5% in patients with TNM stage 0 to stage II cancer, and 30.2% in those with later stages.

A comparative study of pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer: Risk factors, presentation, characteristics and management

“…[101112] Majority of patients in this study were between the third and fifth decade of their life similar to studies reported from India and other Asian countries. [11] A majority of premenopausal patients were in third and fourth decade of their life and the majority of postmenopausal were in fifth and sixth decade of their life. Even young women who had family and professional commitments hold major proportions in the study population.…”

“…[13] Some studies reported that younger age at menarche increased breast cancer risk only in premenopausal women, while some reported increased risk only for postmenopausal women. [111213] In some studies done previously, age at menarche was found to be associated with both pre-and post-menopausal breast cancer while in another studies, it had no association with either pre- or post-menopausal breast cancer. [111213] In this study, early onset of menarche was found to be associated with both pre- and post-menopausal patients as the majority of the patients in either groups attained puberty at an age of <12 years.…”

Gradually implemented new biomarkers for prognostication of breast cancer: complete case analysis may introduce bias

“…Clinical indicators of prognosis that were entered as predictor variables into the Cox model were age (continuous), tumor size (continuous), lymph node involvement (yes, no, unknown), distant metastasis (yes, no), tumor grade (low, medium, high, unknown), estrogen receptor status (yes, no, unknown), and progesterone receptor status (yes, no, unknown). Ethnicity, which is a prognostic predictor of survival, was also included in the model [7]. Observation times of women were calculated as time between diagnosis and death (all causes), last contact or November 2010.…”

Anti-tumor Effects of Essential Oils of Red Clover and Ragweed on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line

“…However, despite their anticancer effects, these drugs have adverse side effects such as cardiac toxicity, bone marrow failure, thrombocytopenia, and mucositis. Therefore, the use of novel and more effective drugs with minimum side effects, including traditional herbal drugs and natural substances, may be useful to prevent the development and progression of breast cancer [1,2]. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is one of the forage plants belonging to the Trifolium species of the leguminous family.…”