Breast Cancer and Ways to Diagnose the Risk Factors and Treat it During Pregnancy: A Narrative Review

Abstract

IntroductionBreast cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the breast tissue and can spread to other nearby tissues in addition to affecting the entire breast tissue (1). It is the most common cancer worldwide, causing extensive mortality and many complications (2-4). The incidence of breast cancer is globally increasing, especially in developing countries. Notably, about 6 million women with breast cancer were globally identified during 2008-2013 (5). More than 255 000 new cases of breast cancer occurred in the United States in 2017. Meanwhile, the annual incidence of breast cancer is 33 cases per 100 000 people in Iran, and the highest rate has occurred in Tehran, Isfahan, Yazd, Markazi, and Fars provinces (6).One of the concerns associated with breast cancer is its experience during pregnancy (7). Pregnancy-associated breast cancer refers to cancer that occurs during pregnancy, breastfeeding, or one year after delivery. It is the second most common cancer in pregnancy, which rarely occurs and does not cause many deaths (8,9). Diagnostic and therapeutic interventions during this period are implemented with special considerations. Women with breast cancer are clearly at a more advanced stage of the disease during pregnancy and usually have a poorer prognosis (10,11). One of the major challenges in diagnosis and treatment during this period is maintaining a balance in the aggressive care of these patients and appropriate treatments to maintain the health of the fetus/ baby. Given that the occurrence of this cancer during pregnancy can have adverse effects on the health of the mother, the baby, and the fetus, the current study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the incidence of this type of cancer during pregnancy. Materials and MethodsThis review study aimed at evaluating the relationship between pregnancy-related variables and the risk of breast cancer. This article review focused on all studies performed in this field until 2019. The related studies were selected from Persian and English databases. Iranian databases included SID, Irandoc, and Magiran, and English databases included PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Embase. Keywords were based on Mesh, including breast cancer and pregnancy. The inclusion criterion was accessing the full text of the articles, and the exclusion criterion was conference papers and articles, full-text versions of which were unavailable. ResultsIn general, 161 articles were found in the first stage although they were excluded from the review process at different stages and for scientific reasons. Finally, 83

Comparing the Experiences of Parturient Women With Remifentanil Analgesia and Elective Cesarean Section and Providing Improver Strategies: A Sequential Explanatory Mixed Method Study Protocol

“…Childbirth is one of the most challenging psychological events in a women's life, 10-34% of mothers have faced negative birth experiences (26). Negative childbirth experience is associated with PTSD, disruption of interpersonal relations, inefficiency in maternal-neonatal relations (27), reduction in exclusive breastfeeding (28), improper use of maternity and neonatal care services (29), and fear of childbirth and increased tendency to elective C-section in future pregnancies (3). Labor pain is one of the most severe pains a woman experiences.…”

“…Socio-demographic questionnaire: It contains age, age of (1,2,4). Also, there is a 7-point-Likert scale, ranging from high to low intensity (3,(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). The total score is the sum of each item, ranging from zero to 30.…”

“…On the other hand, a negative childbirth experience can affect breastfeeding. It may cause depression, post-traumatic stress disease (PTSD) (2), the decision for future pregnancy, and the type of delivery in the next pregnancy (3)(4)(5). A qualitative study has described the experience of childbirth as following "an individual life event that is a combination of physiological, mental, and psychological processes related to social, environmental, organizational, and policy-making factors" (6).…”