Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections after vaccination: a critical review

Abstract

At the beginning of the current pandemic, it was believed that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection would induce lifelong immunity and that reinfections would be unlikely. However, after several cases of reinfection were documented in previously infected patients, this was understood to be a false assumption, and this waning humoral immunity has raised significant concerns. Accordingly, long-term and durable vaccine-induced antibody protection against infection have also become a challenge, as several breakthroughs of COVID-19 infection have been identified in individuals who were fully vaccinated. This review discusses the current evidence on breakthrough COVID-19 infections occurring after vaccination.

Uptake of COVID-19 Booster Dose among Saudi Arabian Population

“…Being infected with COVID-19 after being fully vaccinated might have discouraged them and increased mistrust of the vaccine leading to a lower uptake of the booster dose. There are several factors that could have led to the reinfection, including COVID-19 new variants, chronic diseases, obesity, and the elderly, as indicated by previous studies [ 25 , 26 ].…”

Beyond six feet: The collective behavior of social distancing

“…Since δ i = 0.00 and 0.25 for all i for g 1 and g 2 , the individuals in these two groups are considered to be more risk-taking, and their October 11, 2023 7/25 frequencies to participate in the socially active though high-contact activities (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) appear to be higher than the population average, while their frequencies to stay with the low-contact but socially isolating activities (1-8) are lower than the population average. On the other hand, since δ i = 0.75 and 1.00 for all i for g 3 and g 4 , the individuals in these two groups are considered to be more conservative, and their frequencies to stay with the low-contact though socially isolating activities (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) appear to be higher than the population average, while their frequencies to join the socially active but high-contact activities (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) unexpected in these results is that the game for each population group converges to its own equilibrium strategy as if it is played alone, while the population strategy is simply a collective result of all these individual group strategies, which can also be justified in theory (details in Distancing in heterogeneous populations in Methods). This may not be surprising, on the other hand, as observed during the COVID-19 pandemic that children and adults do have their own distancing strategies as their shares in the average distancing strategy of the population.…”

“…In a severe epidemic such as the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing can be a vital tool to stop the spread of the disease and save lives [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. This is true before a vaccine becomes available and even after the population achieves certain herd immunity, for the pathogen always evolves, and the epidemic may develop into an endemic [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

COVID-19 Vaccines and the Virus: Impact on Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics

“…To date, the impact of PACS on renal and hepatic drug metabolism has not been evaluated in animal models of disease nor the clinic. As the pandemic progressed, reports of re-infection with different SARS-CoV-2 variants and breakthrough infections in vaccinated pateints occurred at an increasing rate (Negi et al, 2021;Mohseni Afshar et al, 2022). Although this phenomenon is common with other viruses such as influenza, the impact of re-infection on hepatic and renal drug metabolism has not yet been evaluated.…”