Breaking Ships in the World-System: An Analysis of Two Ship Breaking Capitals, Alang-Sosiya, India and Chittagong, Bangladesh

Splintering South: Ecologically Unequal Exchange Theory in a Fragmented Global Climate

“…Ecologically unequal exchange has built from understandings of structurally conditioned unequal exchange in commodities, pricing and labor, to unequal access by wealthy countries to natural resources, ecological well-being, and sink capacities in poor countries (Frey 2015;Hornborg 2001;Rice 2007;Jorgenson and Clark 2009;Shandra et al 2009 harm is externalized by wealthy countries onto poor ones, and ecological well-being is expropriated from them. Importantly, it is argued that these processes of inequality related to the environmental issues such as agriculture, mining and energy are sustained by global systems of governance and elite controlled networks, institutions, and organizations (Downey 2015).…”

The Treadmill of Destruction in Comparative Perspective: A Panel Study of Military Spending and Carbon Emissions, 1960-2014

“…Changes associated with this restructuring include trends commonly associated with "neoliberal" capitalism: financialization, the shift toward monetary, supply side economics bolstered by the nation state, the transformation of business and labor, and the creation of an infrastructure conducive to the formation of a global economy. In recent decades, as multinational corporations have shifted most industrial production to export zones in the Global South, labor and raw materials appropriated from the periphery tend to realize their value in the consumption-based centers of wealthier nations which, in turn, export polluting technologies and hazardous waste back to the Global South (Frey 2015). Hence, the recent explosion of "green" technologies, including the "greening" of many cities in the Global North, is in part made possible by outsourcing dirty industry elsewhere (Parr 2013).…”

European policies on ship recycling: A stakeholder survey

“…Most countries in the Indian subcontinent, where the "beaching" method is used, lack the safe working and environmental protection arrangements necessary to manage the hazardous materials present in ships. The shipbreaking yards of these developing countries dismantle 600-800 large vessels each year, with cheap and plentiful labour, lax environmental laws, and a high demand for steel [4,[6][7][8][9]. The problem has been considered one of the key questions for global governance on shipbreaking, and the industrialised countries cannot avoid "the polluter pays" principle when dismantling their ships [4,6,10,11,13,14,[16][17][18][19].…”