Breakfast patterns and their association with body mass index in Brazilian adults

Abstract

The objective was to investigate the relationships between body mass index (BMI), skipping breakfast, and breakfast patterns in Brazilian adults. We analyzed data of 21,003 individuals aged between 20 to 59 from the Brazilian National Dietary Survey 2008-2009. Breakfast was defined as the eating occasion between 5 and 10a.m. with the highest usual food consumption (exceeding 50Kcal/209.2kJ). Dietary patterns were derived by the factor analysis of 18 food groups (usual intake). Controlling for confounders linear regressions of BMI were used to verify the associations considering the survey design. Skipping breakfast was not associated with BMI. Three breakfast patterns were observed (48% variability): Brazilian Northern (positive loading for meats, preparations with corn, eggs, tubers/roots/potatoes, dairy products, savory snacks/crackers, fruit juices/fruit drinks/soy-based drinks); Western (positive for fruit juices/fruit drinks/soy-based drinks, sandwiches/pizza, baked/deep-fried snacks, chocolate/desserts, cakes/cookies) and Brazilian Southeastern (cold cut meat, milk, cheese, coffee/tea, bread). The Brazilian Southeastern pattern was inversely associated with BMI, while the Brazilian Northern pattern was directly associated with it. Therefore, the results suggest a role for breakfast quality in the association with BMI. Thus, a Brazilian Southeastern breakfast usual intake may be inversely associated with BMI.

Breakfast-Based Dietary Patterns and Obesity in Tehranian Adults

“…In addition, the dietary pattern of "sweets, tea and coffee" in our study is similar to the traditional dietary pattern reported by Chatelan et al 9 of white bread, butter, and sweet spread, and the third dietary pattern identified by Iqbal et al 40 (high factor load for sugar and confectionary, eggs, butter, and bread). Furthermore, the dietary pattern of "fruits, vegetables, and eggs" in our study is similar to the second dietary pattern ("prudent"-fruit, unprocessed and unsweetened cereal flakes, nuts/seeds, yogurt) in the study of Chatelan et al 9 as well as the Northern Brazil dietary pattern reported by Baltar et al 38 (positive factor loadings for meats, preparations with corn, eggs, tubers/roots/potatoes, dairy products, savory snacks/crackers, fruit juices/fruit drinks/soy-based drinks).…”

“…The third dietary pattern was called "fruits, vegetables, and eggs", and contained high intake of fruits, vegetables, potatoes, and eggs. Baltar et al 38 , reported a southeastern Brazilian dietary pattern consisting of cold-cut meats, milk, cheese, coffee/tea, bread) similar to our "bread and grains, meat products, and coffee" dietary pattern. The snack diet pattern (positive factor load for cold cuts, yellow cheese and bread/toast, and an inverse association with salted biscuits) reported by de Oliveira Santos et al 39 is similar to the "bread and grains, meat products, and coffee" dietary pattern.…”

The Association between Chronotype and Dietary Pattern among Adults: A Scoping Review

“…Despite many studies reporting the importance of breakfast [61,62], perhaps not everyone (especially late chronotype) can benefit from its advantages. The composition of meals can also affect or alter the beneficial effects of breakfast [63,64]. Thus, the current review suggests the needs for further research to establish appropriate meal timing and composition that are personalised to an individual's circadian clock.…”

Dietary Patterns of Breakfast Consumption Among Chilean University Students

“…In recent years, determining food patterns when analyzing the human diet has gained relevance as it considers the correlation of all foods at the same time. In addition, dietary patterns are more predictive of disease risks and help build dietary guidelines [28]. The food patterns of Chilean university students have not been previously described.…”