Breakfast Habits of a Representative Sample of the Spanish Child and Adolescent Population (The ENALIA Study): Association with Diet Quality

Abstract

The association between breakfast quality and total diet quality of children and adolescents ((1–17.9 years (n = 1570)) from the National Dietary Survey on the Child and Adolescent Population in Spain (ENALIA) was analyzed. Dietary information was collected using two non–consecutive one–day food diaries (1–10 years old) or two 24 h dietary recalls (>10 years). Breakfast quality index (BQI) and a variant of Nutrient Rich Foods index (NRF9.3) were calculated to assess the total diet quality. Children and adolescents who had breakfast on at least one day (n = 1561) were divided into two groups according to BQI: Worse Quality Breakfast (WQB) (BQI < 4 points (P66), n = 781) and Good Quality Breakfast (GQB) (BQI ≥ 4, n = 780). Younger children and those whose parents have university education presented higher BQI. GQB group had significantly higher intakes of micronutrients (vitamins A, D, C, B1, B2, B6, niacin, folate, calcium, potassium, magnesium). Fewer GQB children exceeded the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for fat and had folate and calcium intakes below their estimated average requirement. Daily NRF9.3 was 496.2 ± 54.0, being higher in GQB (503.8 ± 50.6 vs. 488.6 ± 56.2, p < 0.001). Increasing the quality of breakfast increased the possibility of having a NRF9.3 higher than P50 (OR: 1.893, CI: 1.549–2.315, p < 0.0001). Breakfasts have room for quality improvement in a high percentage of children. A higher quality breakfast is associated with a benefit in the quality of the total diet.

Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks

“…In January 2021, milks and plant-based drinks were acquired in various supermarkets located in Reus (Catalonia, Spain). The most consumed types of milks and plant-based drinks were selected according to the results of ENALIA surveys (National Survey of Nutrition in the Child and Adolescent Population of Spain) [ 32 ], including conventional and organic farming systems, lactose-free, fresh and ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milks. These are as follows: cow milk (whole, organic whole, semi-skimmed, organic semi-skimmed, skimmed, organic skimmed, lactose-free, organic lactose-free, whole fresh, organic whole fresh, skimmed fresh, organic skimmed fresh, skimmed fresh); goat (semi-skimmed, organic whole, whole fresh, organic whole fresh); soy milk and organic soy milk; almond milk and organic almond milk; rice milk and organic rice milk; oat milk and organic oat milk; and infant formula and organic infant formula.…”

Nutritional Composition of Breakfast in Children and Adolescents with and without Celiac Disease in Spain—Role of Gluten-Free Commercial Products

“…Breakfast is identified as a significant contributor to a healthy lifestyle and represents an important source of key nutrients in the diet of children and adolescents [ 1 ]. However, there is still no unanimous consensus on whether breakfast is the most important meal of the day [ 2 , 3 , 4 ].…”

Estilo de vida, estado nutricional e determinantes sociais da saúde: estudo de base populacional com adolescentes residentes no município de São Paulo de 2003 a 2015

“…Uma potencial explicação para baixa adesão a um estilo de vida saudável refere-se à prática de atividades sedentárias, baseadas em celular e/ou computador. O tempo de tela reduz a probabilidade de consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras, aumentando a chance de consumo de fast food e guloseimas (ALBASHTAWY, 2015;SAMPASA-KANYINGA;CHAPUT;HAMILTON, 2015;IBGE, 2016;BENETOU et al, 2020;CUADRADO-SOTO et al, 2020;HADDAD;SARTI, 2020;NAVEED;LAKKA;HAAPALA, 2020;AZNAR et al, 2021;SERAL-CORTES et al, 2021;HADDAD et al, 2021).…”