Breakfast habits, beliefs and measures of health and wellbeing in a nationally representative UK sample

Reeves, Sue; Halsey, Lewis G.; McMeel, Yvonne; Huber, Jörg

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.024

Cited by 81 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Breakfast has long been considered an integral part of a healthy balanced diet (6) . This is partly due to associations in the literature that show individuals who regularly omit breakfast have a higher BMI (7,8) and increased prevalence of obesity-related chronic diseases (5) , including type-2 diabetes (9) and CHD (10) Proceedings of the Nutrition Society becoming more common in Western society (11) , and it was recently reported that 36 % of the UK population either sometimes or always omit breakfast (12) . Interestingly, a major reason given for omitting breakfast is weight management, which would appear to contradict a proportion of the scientific evidence (13) .…”

Section: Breakfast Skipping: Satiety: Gut Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

Clayton

James

2015

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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The belief that breakfast is the most important meal of day has been derived from cross-sectional studies that have associated breakfast consumption with a lower BMI. This suggests that breakfast omission either leads to an increase in energy intake or a reduction in energy expenditure over the remainder of the day, resulting in a state of positive energy balance. However, observational studies do not imply causality. A number of intervention studies have been conducted, enabling more precise determination of breakfast manipulation on indices of energy balance. This review will examine the results from these studies in adults, attempting to identify causal links between breakfast and energy balance, as well as determining whether consumption of breakfast influences exercise performance. Despite the associations in the literature, intervention studies have generally found a reduction in total daily energy intake when breakfast is omitted from the daily meal pattern. Moreover, whilst consumption of breakfast supresses appetite during the morning, this effect appears to be transient as the first meal consumed after breakfast seems to offset appetite to a similar extent, independent of breakfast. Whether breakfast affects energy expenditure is less clear. Whilst breakfast does not seem to affect basal metabolism, breakfast omission may reduce free-living physical activity and endurance exercise performance throughout the day. In conclusion, the available research suggests breakfast omission may influence energy expenditure more strongly than energy intake. Longer term intervention studies are required to confirm this relationship, and determine the impact of these variables on weight management. Breakfast skipping: Satiety: Gut hormonesOverweight and obesity are defined as a BMI of 25-29·9 and >30 kg/m 2 , respectively, and are positively associated with several chronic diseases, representing a substantial health and economic burden on society (1,2) . Obesity is a growing concern with the worldwide prevalence of obesity more than doubling between 1980 and 2008 (3) . It has also been shown that BMI increases continuously throughout adulthood (4) suggesting that longterm behavioural changes are required to curtail this pattern of weight gain. This necessitates the study of both lean and overweight populations, to ensure that dietary interventions are applicable for both reducing BMI in overweight and obese populations, and preventing the increase of BMI in lean populations.Breakfast can be defined as the first meal of the day, consumed within 2 h of waking, before commencing daily activities, and has been suggested to contain 20-35 % of daily estimated energy requirements (5) . Breakfast has long been considered an integral part of a healthy balanced diet (6) . This is partly due to associations in the literature that show individuals who regularly omit breakfast have a higher BMI (7,8) and increased prevalence of obesity-related chronic diseases (5) , including type-2 diabetes (9) and CHD (10) . Despite this, brea...

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Section: Breakfast Skipping: Satiety: Gut Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

Clayton

James

2015

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…Previous research has investigated the breakfast habits and health in a nationally representative UK sample (3) , however less is known about the breakfast habits and health of recreational athletes. The aim of this study was to report the breakfasting habits, and measures of health of parkrunners in the UK.Recreational runners based in the UK were recruited through parkrun, and were asked to complete a cross-sectional web-based survey, based on questionnaires used in a previously published study of breakfast habits (3) . A total of 1,053 parkrunners completed the survey.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been previously reported that parkrun is a cost-effective community based intervention for improving public health (2) . Previous research has investigated the breakfast habits and health in a nationally representative UK sample (3) , however less is known about the breakfast habits and health of recreational athletes. The aim of this study was to report the breakfasting habits, and measures of health of parkrunners in the UK.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mean self-reported BMI for males was 24·3 (SD 3·2) and for females 23·2 (SD 3·4) kg/m 2 . 86 % of parkrunners consumed breakfast every day, compared to 64 % in a nationally representative UK sample (3) . Only 1·3 % of parkrunners never consumed breakfast; the most common reason for skipping breakfast was not enough time (n = 119, 54·6 %).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…compared with 177 (SD 118) min. in a nationally representative sample (3) . In terms of chronobiology 30 % of participants could be described as morning types and only 1 % as evening types; morning types did significantly more minutes per week of moderate to vigorous activity than intermediate types (p < 0·001).…”

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Breakfast habits, wellbeing and health of parkrunners

et al. 2017

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Parkrun is a free weekly 5 kilometre run that to date more than 1,250,000 people have participated in (1) . It has been previously reported that parkrun is a cost-effective community based intervention for improving public health (2) . Previous research has investigated the breakfast habits and health in a nationally representative UK sample (3) , however less is known about the breakfast habits and health of recreational athletes. The aim of this study was to report the breakfasting habits, and measures of health of parkrunners in the UK.Recreational runners based in the UK were recruited through parkrun, and were asked to complete a cross-sectional web-based survey, based on questionnaires used in a previously published study of breakfast habits (3) . A total of 1,053 parkrunners completed the survey. Ethical approval was granted from the University of Roehampton and permission was given by the parkrun research board.Of the 1,053 parkrunners recruited, 52 % were male. The mean age of the total sample was 44·2 (SD 11·5) years. The mean self-reported BMI for males was 24·3 (SD 3·2) and for females 23·2 (SD 3·4) kg/m 2 . 86 % of parkrunners consumed breakfast every day, compared to 64 % in a nationally representative UK sample (3) . Only 1·3 % of parkrunners never consumed breakfast; the most common reason for skipping breakfast was not enough time (n = 119, 54·6 %). Amongst breakfast eaters the most frequently consumed foods were porridge and muesli (53·2 %), cereals (55·9 %) and fruit (43·9 %), however the consumption of eggs and pastries more than doubled on weekends. On average both male and female participants partook in moderate to vigorous activity 5 days a week, 28 % 7 days a week. Mean time spent watching television per day was 107 (SD 72) min. compared with 177 (SD 118) min. in a nationally representative sample (3) . In terms of chronobiology 30 % of participants could be described as morning types and only 1 % as evening types; morning types did significantly more minutes per week of moderate to vigorous activity than intermediate types (p < 0·001). 86 % of the parkrunners reported good psychological wellbeing and 98 % described their general health as good or above, compared to 63 % and 74 % respectively found in the nationally representative sample 3 . There were weak but significant correlations between breakfast frequency and general health (Rho 0·114), morningness (Rho 0·142) and wellbeing (Rho 0·130) (all P < 0·01) in the parkrunners.The majority of parkrun respondents consumed breakfast regularly and more frequently than the general population and had lower levels of obesity as assessed by self-reported BMI. In addition parkrunners were more active, less sedentary and had higher levels of wellbeing and general health. Key limitations of the study are the self-selected participation and cross-sectional design. In general the data shows evidence for an overall healthier lifestyle amongst parkrunners.1. Parkrun (2017) www.parkrun.co.uk. Accessed 3/4/17.

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Effect of Plain Versus Sugar‐Sweetened Breakfast on Energy Balance and Metabolic Health: A Randomized Crossover Trial

Carroll

Chen

Templeman

et al. 2020

Obesity

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Objective This study investigated the effect of 3 weeks of high‐sugar (“Sweet”) versus low‐sugar (“Plain”) breakfast on energy balance, metabolic health, and appetite. Methods A total of 29 healthy adults (22 women) completed this randomized crossover study. Participants had pre‐ and postintervention appetite, health, and body mass outcomes measured, and they recorded diet, appetite (visual analogue scales), and physical activity for 8 days during each intervention. Interventions were 3 weeks of isoenergetic Sweet (30% by weight added sugar; average 32 g of sugar) versus Plain (no added sugar; average 8 g of sugar) porridge‐based breakfasts. Results Pre‐ to postintervention changes in body mass were similar between Plain (Δ 0.1 kg; 95% CI: −0.3 to 0.5 kg) and Sweet (Δ 0.2 kg; 95% CI: −0.2 to 0.5 kg), as were pre‐ to postintervention changes for biomarkers of health (all P ≥ 0.101) and psychological appetite (all P ≥ 0.152). Energy, fat, and protein intake was not statistically different between conditions. Total carbohydrate intake was higher during Sweet (287 ± 82 g/d vs. 256 ± 73 g/d; P = 0.009), driven more by higher sugar intake at breakfast (116 ± 46 g/d vs. 88 ± 38 g/d; P < 0.001) than post‐breakfast sugar intake (Sweet 84 ± 42 g/d vs. Plain 80 ± 37 g/d; P = 0.552). Participants reported reduced sweet desire immediately after Sweet but not Plain breakfasts (trial × time P < 0.001). Conclusions Energy balance, health markers, and appetite did not respond differently to 3 weeks of high‐ or low‐sugar breakfasts.

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Breakfast habits, beliefs and measures of health and wellbeing in a nationally representative UK sample

Cited by 81 publications

References 31 publications

The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

Breakfast habits, wellbeing and health of parkrunners

Effect of Plain Versus Sugar‐Sweetened Breakfast on Energy Balance and Metabolic Health: A Randomized Crossover Trial

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