Breakfast Frequency and Development of Metabolic Risk

Odegaard, Andrew O.; Jacobs, David R.; Steffen, Lyn M.; Horn, Linda Van; Ludwig, David S.; Pereira, Mark A.

doi:10.2337/dc13-0316

Cited by 167 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…However, this observation has not been consistent 195 across all studies (3) , with work categorising individuals by graded breakfast frequency reporting 196 no difference despite varying category definitions (2,4,21) .…”

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confidence: 85%

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Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?

et al. 2016

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1The Bath Breakfast Project is a series of randomised controlled trials exploring the effects of 2 extended morning fasting on energy balance and health. These trials were categorically not 3 designed to answer whether or not breakfast is the most important meal of the day. However, this The broad field of nutrition and health is rife with myths, misconceptions and frequently 24 posed yet seemingly fundamental questions that we intuitively feel should have simple answers. 25Is a calorie a calorie? Is obesity due to eating too much or doing too little? Is breakfast the most 26 important meal of the day? Often there are simple answers, the first two being central to the 27 themes considered in this review and both absolutely yes (just as a second is a second, one 28

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confidence: 85%

“…While there is a wealth of evidence for increased disease risk in those that omit 470 breakfast (1)(2)(3)(4) , randomised controlled trials that have provided causal mechanisms to explain these (total, HDL and LDL) when individuals adhered to a 1-meal a day regimen (61) . consuming breakfast daily (35) .…”

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Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?

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“…The characteristics of the eight studies included are summarized in Table 1, including four prospective cohort studies (6,(15)(16)(17) , one case-control study (18) and three crosssectional studies (19)(20)(21) . These studies were published between 1998 and 2013.…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of T2D cases ranged from sixty-one to 2423, with a total of 7419 reported T2D outcomes. With regard to study location, three studies were conducted in the USA (6,16,17) , two in China (18,20) , two in Japan (15,21) and one in Russia (19) . Six studies (15,(17)(18)(19)(20)(21) reported results for both men and women; the RR of one study (15) was available only for women; one study (6) reported results for men only; and one study (16) reported results for women only.…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breakfast skipping and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies

Gan

Yang

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

158

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Objective: Breakfast skipping has been reported to be associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the results are inconsistent. No meta-analyses have applied quantitative techniques to compute summary risk estimates. The present study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of observational studies summarizing the evidence on the association between breakfast skipping and the risk of T2D. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Setting: Relevant studies were identified by a search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and SINOMED up to 9 August 2014. We also reviewed reference lists from retrieved articles. We included studies that reported risk estimates (including relative risks, odds ratios and hazard ratios) with 95 % confidence intervals for the association between breakfast skipping and the risk of T2D. Subjects: Eight studies involving 106 935 participants and 7419 patients with T2D were included in the meta-analysis. Results: A pooled adjusted relative risk for the association between exposure to breakfast skipping and T2D risk was 1·21 (95 % CI 1·12, 1·31; P = 0·984; I 2 = 0·0 %) in cohort studies and the pooled OR was 1·15 (95 % CI, 1·05, 1·24; P = 0·770; I 2 = 0·0 %) in cross-sectional studies. Visual inspection of a funnel plot and Begg's test indicated no evidence of publication bias. Conclusions: Breakfast skipping is associated with a significantly increased risk of T2D. Regular breakfast consumption is potentially important for the prevention of T2D. Keywords Breakfast skippingType 2 diabetes Meta-analysis Diabetes mellitus is considered one of the important public health challenges in modern society, both in developed and developing countries (1) . Type 2 diabetes (T2D), which composes more than 95 % of diabetes in the world (2) , is characterized by reduced insulin sensitivity and relative insulin deficiency (3) . It is estimated that the world prevalence of diabetes among adults will increase to 7·7 %, corresponding to 439 million patients, by the year 2030 (4) . Therefore, the identification of modifiable risk factors for the primary prevention of T2D is of considerable public health importance. Breakfast is defined as the first meal of the day, within 2 h of waking, typically eaten no later than 10.00 hours, which provides between 20 and 35 % of total daily energy needs (5) . Breakfast skipping is the behaviour that people do not consume breakfast regularly. The prevalence of breakfast skipping has increased progressively over the past decades (6) . It is highly prevalent in the USA and Europe (10 to 30 %) and the prevalence varies among different age and ethnic groups (7) . There is increasing evidence that breakfast skipping is directly associated with excess weight gain and other adverse health outcomes, including insulin resistance and T2D (5) . However, the associations between breakfast skipping and T2D risk have not been summarized. Thus, we performed a metaanalysis to systematically assess the association between breakfast skipping and...

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“…Breakfast eating behavior is considered a dietary pattern marker, in addition to an essential healthy lifestyle component [3,4]. Previous studies have presented evidence of associations between failure to consume breakfast and increased bodyweight [5,6], in addition to contraction of cardiovascular disease [7], metabolic conditions [8,9], dyslipidemia and insulin resistance [10], type 2 diabetes mellitus [11] and reproductive dysfunction [12]. Moreover, regular breakfast consumption has been correlated with energy balance [13], behavioral and cognitive functioning [14,15], personal wellbeing and mental health [3,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between breakfast eating habits and health-promoting lifestyle, suboptimal health status in Southern China: a population based, cross sectional study

et al. 2014

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Background: Suboptimal health status (SHS) is the intermediate health state between health and disease, refers to medically undiagnosed or functional somatic syndromes, and has been a major global public health challenge. However, both the etiology and mechanisms associated with SHS are still unclear. Breakfast eating behavior is a dietary pattern marker and previous studies have presented evidence of associations between failure to consume breakfast and increased diseases. Accordingly, in view of the significance of breakfast eating behaviors with respect to health status, the associations between breakfast eating habits and healthy lifestyle, SHS require further elucidation. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted within a clustered sample of 24,159 individuals aged 12-80 years in 2012-13 within the population of Southern China. Breakfast eating habits were categorically defined by consumption frequency ('scarcely, sometimes or always'). Health-promoting lifestyle was assessed via the health-promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP-II). SHS was evaluated using the medical examination report and Sub-health Measurement Scale V1.0 (SHMS V1.0).Results: Of the 24,159 participants, the prevalence rates for the 'health' , 'SHS' , and 'disease' were 18.8%, 46.0%, and 35.2%, respectively. Overall, 19.6% of participants reported 'scarce' breakfast eating habits, with frequent breakfast eaters scoring higher on both HPLP-II and SHMS V1.0. After demographic adjustment, regression analyses revealed a significant association between breakfast eating habits and healthy lifestyle (p <0.001). There were lower levels of breakfast consumption regularity amongst individuals with SHS than those with disease. Categorically 'scarce' breakfast eaters were approximately three times more likely to be assigned SHS (OR: 2.745, 95% CI: 2.468-3.053), while infrequent breakfast eaters ('sometimes') were just less than twice as likely to be assessed as being of SHS (OR: 1.731, 95% CI: 1.595-1.879). Conclusions: Breakfast eating habits are significantly associated with a healthy lifestyle, and appear to be a useful predictor of a healthy lifestyle. Irregular breakfast eating habits are related to an increased risk of SHS; increased breakfast eating frequency may contribute to lowering the prevalence of SHS in Southern China.

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Breakfast Frequency and Development of Metabolic Risk

Cited by 167 publications

References 35 publications

Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?

Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?

Breakfast skipping and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies

Associations between breakfast eating habits and health-promoting lifestyle, suboptimal health status in Southern China: a population based, cross sectional study

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