Breakage of infant milk formula through three different processing methods and its influence on powder properties

Abstract

Breakage of infant milk formula through three different processing methods and its influence on powder properties, (2020),

Investigation of breakage behavior and its effects on spray-dried agglomerated whey protein-lactose powders: Effect of protein and lactose contents

“…From the scanning electron micrographs, we can see that breakage changed the morphology of particles: primary particles on agglomerate surfaces were broken and particle surfaces became very rough, especially for WL13 and WL11. These changes decreased the particle size [D 3,2 decreased 4.8% (P = 0.023), 4.6% (P = 0.01), 12.4% (P = 0.01), and 23.8% (P = 0.000) for WL10, WL31, WL11, and WL13, respectively] and increased the SSA [SSA increased 5.1% (P = 0.027), 9.1% (P = 0.000), 16.4% (P = 0.01), and 31.2% (P = 0.000) for WL10, WL31, WL11, and WL13, respectively] and particle density [particle density increased 19.5% (P = 0.002), 20.0% (P = 0.001), 22.0% (P = 0.001), and 11.7% (P = 0.001) for WL10, WL31, WL11, and WL13, respectively], which is consistent with previous research (Boiarkina et al, 2016;Han et al, 2020;Hazlett et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020). Also, the larger the particles, the greater the changes that occurred.…”

“…As shown in Figure 5, wettability significantly decreased after breakage for WL13 (P = 0.039) and WL11 (P = 0.006), especially for WL13 where the wetting time increased by 38%. This is not surprising because their particle size decreased, and this is consistent with previous research on IMF, fat-filled milk powder, and whey protein concentrate powders (Han et al, 2020;Hazlett et al, 2020). In contrast, the wetting time of WL31 (P = 0.033) and WL10 (P = 0.031) was significantly decreased.…”

“…Breakage can also happen when mechanical loads lower than the strength of particles are applied multiple times, which is defined as fatigue (Kalman, 1999(Kalman, , 2000Goder et al, 2002). The susceptibility of model samples to fatigue was investigated by repeated dilute-phase pneumatic conveying tests using a laboratory-scale pneumatic conveyor (as shown in Han et al, 2020). Samples (100 g) were added to the laboratory-scale pneumatic conveying rig with a feeding rate of 3.0 g/s and an air velocity of 40 m/s.…”

“…Particle breakage causes significant deterioration in the properties and functionalities of dairy powders. It decreases the porosity and particle size of dairy powders and increases their surface area and density (Hanley, 2011;Boiarkina et al, 2016;Han et al, 2020;Hazlett et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020). In addition, the surface composition and particle morphology of dairy powders change after breakage.…”

“…In addition, the surface composition and particle morphology of dairy powders change after breakage. These changes reduce the rehydration properties of dairy powders, such as infant milk formula (IMF), fat-filled milk powder, whey protein isolate (WPI), and whole milk powder (Han et al, 2020;Hazlett et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020). Breakage also accelerates water adsorption rates and time-dependent crystallization and increases the final water content of IMF.…”